Banksia subg. Isostylis
Banksia subg. Isostylis | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Proteales |
Family: | Proteaceae |
Genus: | Banksia |
Subgenus: | Banksia subg. Isostylis R.Br. |
Species | |
Banksia subg. Isostylis is a subgenus of Banksia. It contains three closely related species, all of which occur only in Southwest Western Australia. Members of subgenus Isostylis have dome-shaped flower heads that are superficially similar to those of B. ser. Dryandra, but structurally more like reduced versions of the "flower spikes" characteristic of most other Banksia taxa.
There are three species of Banksia subg. Isostylis, B. ilicifolia (holly-leaved banksia), B. cuneata (matchstick banksia) and B. oligantha (Wagin banksia). B. ilicifolia is widely distributed and relatively common, but the other two species are rare and threatened.
Description
Banksia subg. Isostylis shares with
The Isostylis species are all upright shrubs or trees, with a single trunk. They generally have
Taxonomy
Taxonomic history
Banksia subg. Isostylis was first published by Robert Brown in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen; thus its full name, with author citation, is Banksia subg. Isostylis R.Br.[3] Brown's arrangement was the first infrageneric arrangement of Banksia, making B. subg. Isostylis Banksia's first infrageneric taxon.[4] Brown erected B. subg. Isostylis to contain B. ilicifolia, which was then the only known Banksia with a dome-shaped inflorescence. He did not explicitly name a type species for the subgenus,[4] but B. ilicifolia is treated as the type because it was the only member when the subgenus was published.[1]
Twenty years later, Brown issued a supplement to his Prodromus entitled
In 1846,
When
In 1905,
The next change to Isostylis came in 1981, when
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a revised arrangement based on a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia. They took up the question of an affinity of Isostylis with Dryandra, finding George's arguments unconvincing but failing to find any further evidence for or against Isostylis's placement within Banksia. They eventually accepted both of George's subgenera, using each as an outgroup in the analysis of the other. Thus their analysis yielded no information about the circumscription and placement of Isostylis, and their arrangement maintained Isostylis as a subgenus.[7]
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement. The placement and circumscription of B. subg. Isostylis was unaffected and can be summarised as follows:[2]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia (3 sections, 11 series, 73 species, 11 subspecies, 14 varieties)
- B. subg. Isostylis
Since 1998,
Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging
Relationships within B. subg. Isostylis still remain unclear. Though Mast's studies found B. cuneata to be the most basal of the three species,
Distribution
Species of B. subg. Isostylis occur only in
Ecology
Ecologically, B. subg. Isostylis is similar to other Banksias. As with other Banksia taxa, all three species have
B. cuneata and B. oligantha have been declared rare under both Western Australia's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, and the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Threats include loss of habitat, Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, and grazing on seedlings by feral rabbits.[14][15]
Cultivation
None of the B. subg. Isostylis species are popular in cultivation. The two rare species are virtually unknown in cultivation. B. ilicifolia is better known, but its usefulness as an amenity plant is limited by the fact that it has very prickly leaves.[16]
References
- ^ a b c George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
- ^ ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ "Banksia subgen. Isostylis R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ a b Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: Taylor.
- Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London: Taylor.
- ^ "Isostylis (R.Br.) Spach". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- .
- doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- ^ PMID 21665734.
- doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- doi:10.1071/SB06016.
- S2CID 39559876.
- ISBN 0-644-07124-9.
- ^ Banksia cuneata — Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia, Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.
- ^ Banksia oligantha — Wagin Banksia, Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.
- ISBN 0-86417-006-8.
External links
- "Banksia subg. Isostylis R.Br". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- "Banksia subgen. Isostylis R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.