Battle of Corunna
Battle of Corunna | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Peninsular War | |||||||
Combat of la Corogne, 16 January 1809 by Hippolyte Bellangé (1843) | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United Kingdom | France | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Jean-de-Dieu Soult | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
16,000: 15,000 infantry[1] 9 to 12 guns[2] |
16,000:[3] 12,000 infantry 3,200 cavalry 20 guns | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
900 dead or wounded[4] 300 sick abandoned[5] 300 missing[6] 6 transports lost[7] 8 Spanish ships of the line 3 frigates and "numerous" corvettes abandoned[8] 2 Spanish regiments captured Heavy material losses[9] 5,000–6,000 sick[10] |
600[11] to 700 dead or wounded 200 to 300 prisoners |
The Battle of Corunna (or A Coruña, La Corunna, La Coruña or La Corogne), in Spain known as Battle of Elviña, took place on 16 January 1809, when a French
Doggedly pursued by the French under Soult, the British made a retreat across northern Spain while their rearguard fought off repeated French attacks. Both armies suffered extremely from the harsh winter conditions. Much of the British army, excluding the elite Light Brigade under Robert Craufurd, suffered from a loss of order and discipline during the retreat. When the British eventually reached the port of Corunna on the northern coast of Galicia in Spain, a few days ahead of the French, they found their transport ships had not arrived. The fleet arrived after a couple of days and the British were in the midst of embarking when the French forces launched an attack. They forced the British to fight another battle before being able to depart for England.[12]
In the resulting action, the British held off French attacks until nightfall, when both armies disengaged. British forces resumed their embarkation overnight; the last transports left in the morning under French cannon fire. But the port cities of Corunna and
Background
The Corunna campaign started with the Battle of Cardedeu.
Prelude
In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the
After the surrender of a French army corps at Bailén[17] and the loss of Portugal, Napoleon was convinced of the peril he faced in Spain. Deeply disturbed by news of Sintra, the Emperor remarked,
I see that everybody has lost their head since the infamous capitulation of Bailén. I realise that I must go there myself to get the machine working again.[18]
The French, all but masters of Spain in June, stood with their backs to the Pyrenees, clutching at Navarre and Catalonia. They did not know if even these two footholds could be maintained in the face of a Spanish attack. By October French strength in Spain, including garrisons, was about 75,000 soldiers. They were facing 86,000 Spanish troops[14] with Spain's 35,000 British allies en route.[19]
However, no attack came. The Spanish social fabric, shaken by the shock of rebellion, gave way to crippling social and political tensions; the patriots stood divided on every question and their nascent war effort suffered accordingly. With the fall of the monarchy, constitutional power devolved to local juntas. These institutions interfered with the army and the business of war, undermined the tentative central government taking shape in Madrid,[20] and in some cases proved almost as dangerous to each other as to the French.[21][a] The British Army in Portugal, meanwhile, was itself immobilized by logistical problems and bogged down in administrative disputes, and did not budge.[22]
Months of inaction had passed at the front, the revolution having "temporarily crippled Patriot Spain at the very moment when decisive action could have changed the whole course of the war".
For a time the British army was dangerously dispersed, with Baird's newly arrived contingent at Astorga to the north, Moore at Salamanca and Hope 70 miles (110 km) to the east near Madrid[28] with all Moore's cavalry and artillery.[29] The main army, under Moore, had advanced to Salamanca and were joined by Hope's detachment on 3 December when Moore received news that the Spanish forces had suffered several defeats. He considered that to avoid disaster he must give up and retreat back to Portugal.[30][b]
Moore, before retreating, received intelligence
Prelude
Retreat to Corunna
Once Moore made his presence known Napoleon responded with customary swiftness and decisiveness. The Spanish were defeated and no longer an organized threat. His army was generally concentrated while the enemy was dispersed. With the initiative firmly in his grasp, Napoleon seized the chance to destroy Britain's only field army.[38] When Moore realized he was in serious danger of being trapped he called off his advance and went into headlong retreat.[39] This epic dash and chase would cover more than 250 miles (400 km),[40] during which the British cavalry and the infantry of the Light Brigade were used to cover the movements of Moore's army after their retreat began on 25 December. This saw them engage the French in small rearguard clashes, including defeating a French cavalry force and capturing General Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes at Benavente before entering the mountains of Galicia,[41] and another at Cacabelos where General Colbert-Chabanais was killed by a British rifleman.[42]
The retreat of the British, closely followed by their French pursuers, took them through mountainous terrain in dreadful conditions of cold and snow and was marked by exhausting marches, privation, and suffering. Moore was joined at Astorga by General
Napoleon had attempted to speedily catch the British and force them to fight. He led the French army 200 miles (320 km) over 10 days by forced marches and in spite of winter blizzard conditions reached Astorga on 1 January with 80,000 men.[44] Napoleon manoeuvred to cut Moore off from a retreat to Portugal. Moore had already planned that he would have to be ready to make a run for the coast. On 28 November Moore had ordered his Corunna contingent under Baird to embark from Vigo while the main British army was to fall back on Portugal but by 28 December he had decided to embark the whole army at Vigo.[45] Abandoning Astorga on 30 December, he would manage to keep ahead of the pursuing French and avoid a major battle. Moore ordered Crawford and two brigades as well as the troop transport ships to the port of Vigo. Napoleon would write to his brother Joseph[46] on 31 December:
My vanguard is near Astorga; the English are running away as fast as they can ... they are abhorred by everybody; they have carried off everything, and then maltreated and beaten the inhabitants. There could not have been a better sedative for Spain than to send an English army.[47]
When it was clear that he could not bring Moore to battle, Napoleon left the pursuit of the British to Soult's corps with Marshal Ney in support and took the bulk of the army, some 45,000 men, back to Madrid.[48] Napoleon decided to leave Spain to attend to other pressing matters; the Austrians were about to declare war on France, and would soon invade Italy and Bavaria.[49]
Several times the discipline of the British broke down, on 28 December British troops pillaged and looted
Moore made a stand before the old Roman town of
Rain storms and confusion caused the British main body to partially lose order and break up with thousands straggling. Some 500 British were captured by the pursuing French dragoons, with hundreds more stragglers captured by Franceschi's cavalry on the 10th and several hundred more on the 11th.[62] The loss of troops between Lugo and Betanzos was greater than all of that of the preceding retreat.[63] Eventually, on 11 January, the British main body reached the port of Corunna in northwest Spain, where they had hoped to find the fleet to take them back to England.[64] They found Betanzos Bay empty and only 26 transports and two warships at Corunna.[45] The rest of the 245 ships had been delayed by contrary winds only arriving at Vigo on the 8th and would not depart for Corunna until the 13th.[45][65]
The French had also suffered severe fatigue and deprivation during their pursuit having to travel over ground already crossed by the British.[66] The British rear guard had held off the pursuing French, allowing the rest of the British army to continue to withdraw, however the French cavalry had continually pressed them and prevented effective reconnaissance by the British cavalry. Soult's infantry had also had trouble keeping up and was badly strung out and most were well behind the cavalry which included the divisions of Armand Lebrun de La Houssaye, Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge and Jean Baptiste Marie Franceschi-Delonne. Soult's three infantry divisions, commanded by Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle, Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet and Henri François Delaborde, and his artillery would arrive at Corunna piecemeal over the next few days.[67]
Arrival of the armies before Corunna
The British army arrived in Corunna on 11 January and there were found only the
The French army began to arrive the next day, building up strength as they arrived from the march. Soult's artillery arrived on 14 January. The long-awaited transport ships also arrived on the 14th and that evening the British evacuated their sick, some horses and most of the remaining field guns, cavalrymen and gunners. There was no intention by the British of garrisoning and holding on to Corunna as a future base with its extensive stores and certain support from the sea.[c] The British then destroyed a portion of the enormous amount of military stores originally intended for the Spanish: nearly 12,000 barrels of powder, 300,000 cartridges in two magazines outside the town and 50 fortress guns and 20 mortars.[69]
The British embarked nearly all their cannon and artillerists and, as the terrain was unsuitable for cavalry, all their cavalry troopers and a few healthy horses,[12] but killed some 2,000 of the cavalry's horses.[70] Moore now actually had the advantage in numbers in infantry, 15,000[1] to 12,000[71] and, with the rough ground much broken up by sunken roads and walls, Soult's cavalry would be of little use.[12] The British were rearmed, well rested and well fed,[72] in marked contrast to the oncoming French.[73]
Moore had deployed his army to cover the evacuation by placing the main part of it on a ridge astride the road to Corunna, a mile and a half south of the harbour. A stronger position lay to the south but the British commander considered that he lacked the numbers to defend it properly and had to be content with placing outposts there to slow the approach of the French. The left flank was covered by the river Mero and the left and centre of the ridge was quite defensible. The western and lower end of this ridge was more vulnerable and could be swept by guns on the rocky heights of the loftier range opposite, and the ground further west consisted of more open terrain extending as far as Corunna which might provide the means of turning the whole position. Moore held two divisions back in reserve a little north and westwards in order to guard the right flank and to prevent a turning movement.[74]
On 15 January French troops pushed back the British outposts on the higher range and gradually took up position there. A counterattack by British
Battle
As day broke on 16 January the French were in position on the heights, and all through the morning both armies observed each across the valley between them. Moore planned to continue with the embarkation later that day if Soult did not attack. By afternoon Moore considered an attack unlikely and ordered the first divisions to make their way to the port; the rest of the army would follow at dusk, but shortly afterwards, at 2:00 pm,[12] he learned that the French were attacking.[77]
Soult's plan was to move against the strongly placed British infantry of the left and centre in order to contain it while the infantry division of Mermet attacked the more vulnerable British right above the village of Elviña. The cavalry was deployed further west near the more open country leading to Corunna. If the attacks succeeded they could seize the western end of the British lines and push on to cut off the bulk of the army from Corunna.[78]
Mermet's infantry advanced quickly and soon pushed the British picquets back, carrying the town of Elviña and attacking the heights beyond. The first French column divided into two with Gaulois' and Jardon's brigades attacking Baird front and flank, and the third French brigade pushing up the valley on the British right in an attempt to turn their flank with Lahoussaye's dragoons moving with difficulty over the broken ground and walls trying to cover the left of the French advance.[79]
The fiercest fighting took place in and around Elviña as the possession of this village would change hands several times, and the British suffered particularly from the fire of the heavy artillery on the heights opposite. As the French attack broke through Elviña and came up the hill behind it, Moore sent in the
The British commander had just rallied the 42nd
For a time the British were without a leader until General John Hope took command as Baird was also seriously wounded. This hampered attempts at a counterattack in the crucial sector of Elviña, but the fighting continued unabated.[84]
Further west the French cavalry pushed forward as part of the flank attack and made a few charges but they were impeded by the rough terrain. Lahoussaye dismounted some his Dragoons which fought as skirmishers but they were eventually driven back by the advance of the
Night brought an end to the fighting by which time the French attacks had been repulsed and they returned to their original positions; both sides holding much the same ground as before the fight.[86]
Aftermath
End of Corunna campaign
Command of the British army had passed to General Hope who decided to continue the embarkation rather than to attempt to hold their ground[87] or attack Soult.[88] At around 9:00 pm the British began to silently withdraw from their lines, leaving behind strong picquets who maintained watch-fires throughout the night.[89]
At daybreak on 17 January the picquets were withdrawn behind the rearguard and went aboard ship; by morning most of the army had embarked.[89] When Soult perceived that the British had left the ridge, he posted six guns on the heights above the southern end of the bay and by midday the French were able to fire upon the outlying ships. This caused panic amongst some of the transports, four of which ran aground and were then burned to prevent their capture. Fire from the warships then silenced the battery.[89]
On 18 January, the British rearguard embarked as the Spanish garrison under General
As a result of the battle the British suffered around 900 men dead or wounded. Unable to embark the many horses in the army, most of the nearly 2,000 cavalry horses and as many as 4,000 more horses of the artillery and train were slaughtered to prevent them from falling into French hands.[95] The French lost around 1,000 men killed, wounded or captured.[96] The most notable casualty was Lieutenant-General Moore, who survived long enough to learn of his success. Sir David Baird, Moore's second in command, was seriously wounded earlier in the battle and had to retire from the field. In addition two of Mermet's three brigadiers were also casualties: Gaulois was shot dead and Lefebvre badly hurt.[97]
On the morning of the battle 4,035 British were listed sick, a few hundred of these were too sick to embark and were left behind.(Oman 1902, p. 582) Two more transports were lost with about 300 troops mostly from the King's German Legion.[98] By the time the army returned to England four days later some 6,000 were ill, with the sick returns listed at Portsmouth and Plymouth alone as 5,000.[5]
Within ten days the French had captured two fortresses containing an immense amount of military
Analysis
The British army had been sent into Spain to aid in expelling the French, but they had been forced into a humiliating retreat in terrible winter conditions that wrought havoc with health and morale and resulted in the army degenerating into a rabble. In his authoritative account of the battle, the English historian Christopher Hibbert states: "It was all very well to talk of the courage and endurance of the troops but of what use were these virtues alone when pitted against the genius of Napoleon? 35,000 men had crossed the Spanish frontier against him; 8000 had not returned. We were unworthy of our great past".[102] The British of the day similarly viewed Corunna as a defeat: according to The Times, "The fact must not be disguised... that we have suffered a shameful disaster".[102]
The historian
Charles Esdaile, in The Peninsular War: A New History, writes: "In military terms, Moore's decision to retreat was therefore probably sensible enough but in other respects it was a disaster ... Having failed to appear in time ... then allowed Madrid to fall without a shot, the British now seemed to be abandoning Spain altogether." Also, "Even worse than the physical losses suffered by the allies was the immense damage done to Anglo-Spanish relations. ... de la Romana ... openly accusing Moore of betrayal and bad faith." Finally, "... the occupation (by the French) of the most heavily populated region in the whole of Spain".[106]
Chandler states, the British army had been "... compelled to conduct a precipitate retreat and evacuate by sea." Also, "Madrid and the Northern half of Spain were under occupation by French troops".[107] Fremont-Barnes, in The Napoleonic Wars: The Peninsular War 1807–1814, writes that the then British Foreign Secretary Canning: " ... privately condemned Moore's failed campaign in increasingly stronger terms," while in public he " ... in the great British tradition of characterizing defeat as victory, insisted that although Moore's army had been pushed out of Spain his triumph at the battle of Corunna had left 'fresh laurels blooming upon our brows'".[108]
A more charitable view is offered by W. H. Fitchett in How England Saved Europe: "... it is also a dramatic justification of Moore's strategy that he had drawn a hostile force so formidable into a hilly corner of Spain, thus staying its southward rush".[44] Napier similarly speculates: "The second sweep that [Napoleon] was preparing to make when Sir John Moore's march called off his attention from the south would undoubtedly have put him in possession of the remaining great cities of the Peninsula".[109]
Nevertheless, back in England the reaction to news of the Battle of Corunna and the safe evacuation of the army was a storm of criticism over Moore's handling of the campaign, while back in Corunna his adversary Marshal Soult took care of Moore's grave and ordered a monument to be raised in his memory.[110][107]
See also
Notes
- ^ John Lawrence Tone has questioned this assessment of the Spanish juntas on the grounds that it relies too much on the accounts of British officers and elites; these sources being patently unfair to the revolutionaries, "whom they despised for being Jacobins, Catholics, and Spaniards, not necessarily in that order." (Tone 2004, p. 110).
- ^ Neale shows that correspondence from both Berthier, in a letter on 10 December 1808, and Moore in a dispatch on 28 December, indicate that both sides were aware that the allies were defeated and that the British were prepared to retreat. Berthier wrote "...everything inclines us to think that they [the British] are in full retreat..." (Neale 1809, Appendix—XXXV p. 100), and Moore that "I had no time to lose to secure my retreat" (Neale 1809, Appendix—XXXVI p. 102).
- ^ Oman states "... arguments for attempting a defence of Galicia were more weighty than has been allowed.(See the arguments stated on Oman 1902, pp. 554–555)".[29]
- ^ Oman criticizes Alcedo for not putting up more of a fight for the town which the British themselves, having destroyed much of its defences, had just abandoned to its fate (Oman 1902, p. 596). Napier makes a similar criticism.[87]
References
- ^ a b 15,000 (Fortescue 1910, p. 381); 14,800 (Oman 1902, p. 582); 14,500 (Hamilton 1874, p. 392).
- ^ Napier states and Fortescue indicates that there were 12—eight British and four Spanish (Napier 1873, p. 121; Fortescue 1910, p. 377). Also Gates 2002, p. 112.
- ^ Oman put the number at "over 20,000" (Oman 1902, p. 586), but Fortescue compares Balagny's numbers with Oman's and states that Balagny's total of about 16,000 is likely to be more accurate than Oman's (Fortescue 1910, p. 380 citing Balagny vol. iv, p. 248–250).
- ^ Chandler 1995, p. 656.
- ^ a b c Howard 1991, p. 300.
- ISBN 1-85532-968-9
- ^ Pococke 1819, pp. 94–96.
- ^ Hugo 1838, p. 111; Also, Belmas 1836, p. 55; Napier 1873, p. 165.
- ^ Hugo gives an inventory of 200 cannon, 20,000 muskets, 200,000 pounds of powder, 600,000 cartridges captured when the city is taken (Hugo 1838, p. 111). Oman, "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" (Oman 1902, p. 582).
- ^ Howard 1991, p. 300.
- ^ Esdaile, gives a total of 2,000 casualties for both sides altogether (Esdaile 2003, p. 155). Fortescue states the casualties for both sides were "about equal" (Fortescue 1910, p. 388).
- ^ a b c d e f g Napier 1873, p. 121.
- ^ Napier 1873, pp. 122–123.
- ^ a b Richardson 1920, p. 343.
- ^ Gay 1903, p. 231.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 492.
- ^ "This was an historic occasion; news of it spread like wildfire throughout Spain and then all Europe. It was the first time since 1801 that a sizable French force had laid down its arms, and the legend of French invincibility underwent a severe shaking. Everywhere anti-French elements drew fresh inspiration from the tidings. The Pope published an open denunciation of Napoleon; Prussian patriots were heartened; and, most significantly of all, the Austrian war party began to secure the support of the Emperor Francis for a renewed challenge to the French Empire." (Chandler 1995, p. 617)
- ^ Chandler 1995, p. 620.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 648.
- ^ Chandler notes that "the particular interests of the provincial delegates made even the pretense of centralised government a travesty" (Chandler 1995, p. 625).
- ^ Chandler 1995, p. 621.
- ^ Chandler 1996, p. 628.
- ^ Esdaile notes that the Junta of Seville declared itself the supreme government of Spain and tried to annex neighbouring juntas by force. (Esdaile 2003a, pp. 304–305)
- ^ Gates 2002, p. 487.
- ^ Glover 2001, p. 55.
- ^ Chandler 1995, p. 631.
- ^ Churchill 1958, p. 260.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 27.
- ^ a b Oman 1902, p. 598.
- ^ Chandler quotes from Moore's diary: "I have determined to give this thing up and retire" (Chandler 1996, p. 645 cites: Sir J. Moore, Diaries, Major General Sir J.F. Maurice, ed. (London:1904), Vol II, p. 358.
- ^ Fortescue 1910, pp. 326–327.
- ^ Fremont-Barnes 2002, p. 35.
- Lord Castlereigh, 31 December 1808) "I have made the movement against Soult; as a diversion it has answered completely, but as there is nothing to take advantage of it, I have risked the loss of my army for no purpose" (Neale 1809, Appendix, p. 104).
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 45.
- ^ Hamilton 1874, p. 385. Neale, et al. gives: 28,900 men (2450 cavalry) and 50 guns (Neale et al. 1828, p. 171).
- ^ Gates 2002, p. 108.
- ^ Chandler 1996, p. 648.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 28; Chandler 1996, pp. 645, 657; Oman 1902, pp. 503, 601.
- ^ Gates 2002, p. 110.
- ^ Hamilton 1874, p. 394; Balagny 1906, p. 280; "...[More:] one hundred and fifty miles over good roads ... [Napoleon:] a march, on bad roads, of a hundred and sixty-four miles" (Napier 1873, p. 129).
- ^ Fitchett 1900, p. 74[verification needed]
- ^ Moore, Richard. "Plunket's Shot: A reconstruction of a famous exploit in the history of the 95th Rifles"
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 52.
- ^ a b Fitchett 1900, p. 76.
- ^ a b c d Duffy 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Neale et al. 1828, pp. 175–176. See Esdaile for Spanish reaction to British behaviour etc. (Esdaile 2003, pp. 151, 197–198).
- ^ Fitchett 1900, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Gates 2002, p. 111.
- ^ Cross 1914, p. 854; Stephens 1900, p. 271; Bourrienne & Phipps 1892, p. xlix; Oman 1899, p. 616; Fortescue 1910, p. 362; Chandler 1996, p. 654
- ^ Fremont-Barnes 2002, p. 38.
- ^ Fitchett 1900, p. 78; Esdaile 2003, p. 151; Oman 1902, pp. 577–578.
- ^ Fortescue 1910, pp. 364–365.
- ^ Fortescue 1910, p. 366.
- ^ Blakeney 1905, p. 59.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 568.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 569.
- ^ Fortescue 1910, pp. 367–368.
- ^ Chandler 1996, p. 655.
- ^ Napier 1873, p. 119.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 576.
- ^ Neale et al. 1828, pp. 214–215.
- ^ Fortescue 1910, pp. 372–374. Oman gives more than 1,000 lost, Oman 1902, p. 580.
- ^ Napier 1873, p. 120.
- ^ Sir John Moore's last sentence in his last letter to Lord Castlereigh, 13 January 1809, "If I succeed in embarking the army, I shall send it to England – it is quite unfit for further service, until it has been refitted, which can best be done there" (Neale 1809, Appendix, p. 108).
- ^ Fortescue 1910, p. 375.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 581.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 584.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 66.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 66. Napier, indicates a magazine and a storehouse outside Corunna (Napier 1873, p. 120); Oman indicates "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" (Oman 1902, p. 582). Hugo inventories an additional vast amount of stores captured by the French following the battle inside Corunna (Hugo 1838, pp. 110–111).
- ^ Fitchett states 290 horses from the KGL alone (Fitchett 1900, p. 86); Hugo mentions 1,200 "cadavers de chevaux" (Hugo 1838, p. 111); Oman gives 2,000 horses and draft cattle killed and thrown into the sea (Oman 1902, p. 582).
- ^ Fortescue states the British had 15,000 infantry to the French 12,000 (Fortescue 1910, p. 381).
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 582.
- ^ Napier 1873, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 583.
- ^ Gates 2002, p. 112.
- ^ Oman 1902, pp. 584, 588.
- ^ Oman 1902, pp. 586–587.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 586.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 587.
- ^ a b Oman 1902, p. 588.
- ^ Knight 1861, p. 506.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 588 citing a letter by his aide-de-camp Hardinge in James Moore's Life p. 220.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 591.
- ^ "The enemy was not even discouraged by two fatal events: General Baird was shot in the arm with a bullet, and the commander-in-chief Moore was mortally wounded. General John Hope replaced him as commander and the enemy continued to maintain their position throughout the line." (translation from French Hugo 1838, p. 110).
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 590.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 592.
- ^ a b Napier suggests that both Corunna and Ferrol could have been held by their Spanish garrisons for months after the departure of the British (Napier 1873, p. 165).
- ^ Fitchett suggests that only Moore's death prevented the total destruction of Soult, and that Hope "forbore" to press the French, (Fitchett 1900, p. 94). Oman offers a more realistic appraisal of Hope's chances (Oman 1902, p. 592).
- ^ a b c Pococke 1819, pp. 94–96.
- ^ Napier 1873, p. 165; Fortescue 1910, p. 393
- ^ Hugo gives an inventory of 200 cannon, 20,000 muskets, 200,000 pounds of powder, 600,000 cartridges captured when the city is taken (Hugo 1838, p. 111). Oman, "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" (Oman 1902, p. 582).
- ^ Oman 1903, pp. 172–175.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 81.
- ^ Hugo 1838, p. 111; Also, Belmas 1836, p. 55; Napier 1873, p. 165.
- ^ Hugo gives 6,000 horses dead from fatigue, or killed by the British,(Hugo 1838, Entrée de Français à Lug, p.110) and 2,500 soldiers killed or wounded with many wounded abandoned,(Hugo 1838, p. 111). Fortescue says 1,000 horses were saved (Fortescue 1910, p. 377). Oman says only 250 cavalry horses and 700 artillery draught cattle were saved (Oman 1902, p. 582). The remainder that he puts at 2,000 were killed, but may only be the rest of the cavalry's horses and not included the rest of the transport horses etc. since he gives the cavalry initial strength as 3,078 with 2,800 troopers embarking at Corunna (Oman 1902, p. 646). Soult estimates 4,000 horses (Balagny 1906, p. 345).
- ^ Chandler and Oman give 1,500 (Chandler p. 656; (Oman 1902, p. 594)). Fortescue and Esdaile both state casualties about equal at some 900 per side (Fortescue 1910, p. 388; Esdaile 2003, p. 155).
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 594.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2001, p. 87.
- ^ a b Napier 1873, p. 165.
- ^ Dunn-Pattison 1909, p. 101.
- ^ Napier 1873, p. 166.
- ^ a b Hibbert 1961, p. 188.
- ^ "Moore welcomed the approach of battle with joy : he had every confidence in his men and his position, and saw that a victory won ere his departure would silence the greater part of the inevitable criticism for timidity and want of enterprise, to which he would be exposed on his return to England." (Oman 1902, p. 597)
- ^ Queipo de Llano (Count of Toreno) (1835, pp. 433–4).
- ^ Robson 2009.
- ^ Esdaile 2003, pp. 151–156.
- ^ a b Chandler 1995, p. 658.
- ^ Fremont-Barnes 2002, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Napier 1873, p. 124.
- ^ Oman 1902, p. 595.
Bibliography
- Balagny, Dominique Eugène Paul (1906), Campaign de l'empereur Napoléon en Espagne (1808–1809), vol. IV, Paris
{{citation}}
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Further reading
- Hugo, Abel (1836). Histoire de L'Empereur Napoleon (in French). Paris: Bureau central du magasin universel.
External links
- Media related to Battle of Corunna at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Battle of Uclés (1809) |
Napoleonic Wars Battle of Corunna |
Succeeded by Battle of Valls |