Black Guard (Brazil)
Black Guard | |
---|---|
Guarda Negra | |
Active | 1888 – 1889 |
Country | Brazilian Imperial Family and to ensure the Princess Imperial's accession to the throne |
The Black Guard of the Redemptress (Portuguese: Guarda Negra da Redentora) was a
The guard included capoeiristas who belonged to the street gangs of Rio de Janeiro.[3]
The group was led by
Background
During the 1880s, Brazil continued to prosper and social diversity increased markedly, including the first organized push for
History
Soon after the signing of the law, the Black Guard was organized in
The first commander of the guard was Clarindo de Almeida, an employee of the Brazilian government. Opponents of the group argued that it was being used by João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira, the President of the Council of Ministers.[17] Police generally ignored the Guard's activities.[18] On December 23, 1888, members of the Guard interrupted a gathering of republicans in Rio who were listening to Silva Jardim speak. On December 30, the Black Guard threatened Jardim and José Lopes da Silva, who were planning a rally at Rio's French School. At the rally, 500 Blacks gathered outside before a fight broke out between two Blacks in the audience and the republicans. The ensuing conflict lasted for 30 minutes, as members of the Black Guard attempted to get into the building, until mounted police ended the fight. Jardim finished speaking, and as the republicans left the building, they were again attacked. A riot spread across the city and there were various skirmishes between opposing groups with one death.[17]
In January 1889, there were rumors of a branch being organized in São Paulo and similar tactics were used in Espírito Santo. Throughout February, armed Blacks continued to disrupt and attack republicans, particularly Jardim who was touring to gain support for his movement. Local authorities requested that Jardim bring army troops when he visited their town. Three hundred blacks gathered to protest him in Angostura, and riots broke out at other places Jardim traveled. Although no evidence links the riots directly to the Black Guard, historian Michael R. Trochim states that such violence was "associated in the minds of many Brazilians with the Black Guard." There were fears the unrest would degenerate into widespread civil war. In July, the Black Guard was involved in further conflict with the republicans. By late 1889, racial violence had largely ended as republicans gained control in the Brazilian Army, and the Black Guard was effectively ended by the Proclamation of the Republic on November 15, 1889. Floriano Peixoto stated that the coup was motivated by a belief the Black Guard was about to launch an attack in Rio,[5][19] and it was used as a justification by other army officers.[20]
References
- ^ Andrews 1992, p. 153.
- ^ Kraay 2016, p. 21.
- ^ Capoeira 2002, pp. 165.
- ^ a b Miranda 2011, p. 1.
- ^ a b Daniel 2010, pp. 56–59, 78.
- ^ Barman 1999, p. 319.
- ^ Barman 1999, p. 145.
- ^ Barman 1999, p. 262.
- ^ Carvalho 2007, p. 201.
- ^ Boehrer 1966, p. 46.
- ISBN 978-0-374-71070-5.
- ^ Trochim 1988, p. 287.
- ^ Daniel 2010, p. 57.
- ^ a b Rodriguez 2015, p. 87.
- ^ Trochim 1988, p. 290.
- ^ Trochim 1988, p. 289.
- ^ a b Trochim 1988, pp. 291–293.
- ^ Longo 2007, p. 232.
- ^ Trochim 1988, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Longo 2007, p. 242.
Bibliography
- Longo, James McMurtry (2007-11-28). Isabel Orleans-Braganca: The Brazilian Princess Who Freed the Slaves. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3201-1.
- Miranda, Clícea Maria Augusto (2011). Memórias e Histórias da Guarda Negra: verso e reverso de uma combativa organização de libertos. São Paulo, Brazil.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.
- Kraay, Hendrik (2016-07-01). Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s-1990s: Bahia, 1790s-1990s. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50260-1.
- Andrews, George Reid (1992). "Black Political Protest in Sao Paulo, 1888-1988". Journal of Latin American Studies. 24 (1): 147–171. S2CID 145793290.
- Daniel, G. Reginald (2010). Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. Penn State Press. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-0-271-04554-2.
- Trochim, Michael R. (1988). "The Brazilian Black Guard: Racial Conflict in Post-Abolition Brazil". The Americas. 44 (3): 285–300. S2CID 147543617.
- Rodriguez, Junius P. (2015-03-26). Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-317-47180-6.
- Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.
- Boehrer, George C. A. (1966). "The Brazilian Republican Revolution: Old and New Views". Luso-Brazilian Review. 3 (2): 43–57. JSTOR 3512882.
- Capoeira, Nestor (2002). Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-637-4.