1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
| ||
Which form and which system of government should be applied in Brazil? | ||
Form of government | ||
---|---|---|
System of government | ||
A constitutional referendum was held in
At the time, the country had been a republic for 104 years since the coup d'état that overthrew the monarchy on 15 November 1889 and, apart from a brief parliamentarian experience between 1961 and 1963[2] (also defeated in a referendum), the system had been presidential. Since the republic was originally a provisional government resulting from a military coup, a decree under the first republican Constitution predicted another referendum to popularly legitimate or change the current form of government.[3]
As to the 1993 referendum, the Constitution specified that Congress, sitting in joint session, would be empowered to effect a revision of the Constitution in 1994 by an absolute majority instead of the qualified majority procedure with separate votes in both houses of Congress that is usually required for constitutional amendments; any change of regime decided during the referendum would be adopted during the said constitutional revision.
Federal Law n° 8.624, signed into law by President Itamar Franco on 4 February 1993, regulated the holding of the referendum.[4]
An overwhelming majority of voters favoured the republican regime and the presidential system. In spite of heavy campaigning on TV and radio, turnout was relatively low (73%), considering that voting is compulsory in the country.
Origin
The attempted resurrection of the
In May 1992, Bueno launched the Parliamentary Monarchist Movement alongside
Campaign
According to some polling institutes, the monarchist campaign was able to obtain the support of 22% of the voters in 1992. Concerned about this, the main political parties at that time, such as
Results
Choice | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Republic | 43,881,747 | 86.60 | |
Monarchy | 6,790,751 | 13.40 | |
Total | 50,672,498 | 100.00 | |
Valid votes | 50,672,498 | 76.51 | |
Invalid votes | 8,741,289 | 13.20 | |
Blank votes | 6,813,179 | 10.29 | |
Total votes | 66,226,966 | 100.00 | |
Registered voters/turnout | 90,256,552 | 73.38 | |
Source: Superior Electoral Court |
Choice | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Presidentialism | 36,685,630 | 69.09 | |
Parliamentarism | 16,415,585 | 30.91 | |
Total | 53,101,215 | 100.00 | |
Valid votes | 53,101,215 | 80.58 | |
Invalid votes | 9,606,163 | 14.58 | |
Blank votes | 3,193,763 | 4.85 | |
Total votes | 65,901,141 | 100.00 | |
Registered voters/turnout | 90,256,552 | 73.02 | |
Source: Superior Electoral Court |
State results
State | Electorate | Abstention | % | Monarchy | % | Republic | % | Null votes | % | Blank votes | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acre | 237,001 | 102,191 | 43.1% | 11,292 | 11.1% | 90,520 | 88.9% | 14,376 | 10.6% | 18,622 | 13.8% |
Alagoas | 1,041,236 | 325,352 | 31.2% | 64,326 | 13.4% | 414,747 | 86.6% | 142,350 | 19.8% | 94,461 | 13.2% |
Amapá | 169,409 | 73,832 | 43.6% | 8,838 | 10.8% | 72,743 | 90.2% | 5,554 | 5.8% | 8,442 | 8.8% |
Amazonas | 1,012,167 | 470,406 | 46.5% | 63,575 | 13.9% | 394,427 | 86.1% | 33,207 | 6.1% | 50,552 | 9.3% |
Bahia | 6,701,268 | 3,052,930 | 48.5% | 247,454 | 9.4% | 2,371,859 | 90.6% | 494,347 | 13.5% | 534,678 | 14.6% |
Ceará | 3,809,457 | 1,332,959 | 35.0% | 212,748 | 11.4% | 1,655,965 | 88.6% | 295,062 | 11.9% | 312,723 | 12.6% |
Espírito Santo | 1,618,431 | 382,081 | 23.7% | 134,398 | 14.8% | 773,667 | 85.2% | 188,417 | 10.8% | 139,868 | 11.3% |
Federal District | 908,429 | 144,507 | 15.9% | 69,552 | 11.2% | 550,285 | 88.8% | 94,667 | 12.4% | 49,418 | 6.4% |
Goiás | 2,514,553 | 766,846 | 30.4% | 174,937 | 13.0% | 1,171,341 | 87.0% | 215,623 | 12.3% | 185,806 | 10.6% |
Maranhão | 2,590,598 | 1,518,669 | 58.6% | 63,094 | 7.3% | 799,739 | 92.7% | 85,181 | 7.9% | 123,915 | 11.5% |
Mato Grosso | 1,196,767 | 480,481 | 40.2% | 75,689 | 13.7% | 477,506 | 86.3% | 73,411 | 10.2% | 89,680 | 12.5% |
Mato Grosso do Sul | 1,127,470 | 288,838 | 25.6% | 92,456 | 14.2% | 559,890 | 85.8% | 96,569 | 11.5% | 89,717 | 10.7% |
Minas Gerais | 10,116,428 | 2,258,639 | 22.3% | 731,714 | 12.8% | 4,993,712 | 87.2% | 1,200,918 | 15.3% | 931,445 | 11.8% |
Pará | 2,616,490 | 1,260,558 | 48.2% | 153,898 | 14.3% | 922,941 | 85.7% | 113,001 | 8.3% | 166,092 | 12.2% |
Paraíba | 1,986,739 | 660,655 | 33.2% | 82,876 | 8.7% | 866,191 | 91.3% | 201,175 | 15.2% | 175,842 | 13.3% |
Paraná | 5,495,947 | 1,189,892 | 21.7% | 420,276 | 12.8% | 2,855,862 | 87.2% | 611,048 | 14.2% | 418,869 | 9.7% |
Pernambuco | 4,247,205 | 1,357,513 | 32.0% | 222,020 | 11.1% | 1,787,302 | 88.9% | 481,357 | 16.6% | 399,013 | 13.8% |
Piauí | 1,857,832 | 613,604 | 33.0% | 48,059 | 4.8% | 951,774 | 95.2% | 103,191 | 8.3% | 141,204 | 11.3% |
Rio de Janeiro | 8,732,024 | 1,541,654 | 17.6% | 938,964 | 16.3% | 4,821,310 | 83.7% | 842,977 | 11.7% | 587,119 | 8.2% |
Rio Grande do Norte | 1,417,805 | 441,848 | 31.2% | 58,936 | 8.7% | 620,418 | 91.3% | 170,266 | 17.4% | 126,337 | 12.9% |
Rio Grande do Sul | 6,069,273 | 941,185 | 15.6% | 372,469 | 8.8% | 3,835,721 | 91.1% | 403,378 | 7.9% | 516,520 | 10.1% |
Rondônia | 661,331 | 331,660 | 50.1% | 37,226 | 14.9% | 213,098 | 85.1% | 35,000 | 10.6% | 44,347 | 13.4% |
Roraima | 101,947 | 42,465 | 41.7% | 5,121 | 10.5% | 43,872 | 89.5% | 4,093 | 6.8% | 6,396 | 10.7% |
Santa Catarina | 2,974,926 | 507,669 | 17.0% | 272,577 | 14.5% | 1,611,149 | 85.5% | 343,173 | 13.9% | 240,328 | 9.7% |
São Paulo | 19,812,705 | 2,538,737 | 12.8% | 2,210,203 | 16.6% | 11,109,007 | 83.4% | 2,487,620 | 14.4% | 1,467,136 | 8.5% |
Sergipe | 891,788 | 291,995 | 32.7% | 48,252 | 11.5% | 372,350 | 88.5% | 109,413 | 18.2% | 69,778 | 11.6% |
Tocantins | 621,900 | 348,574 | 56.1% | 19,601 | 9.3% | 191,524 | 90.7% | 23,442 | 8.6% | 38,759 | 14.2% |
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g (in Portuguese) Nunes, Branca. "Entre o parlamentarismo e a monarquia, o Brasil resolveu continuar presidencialista" Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Blog Caça ao Voto. Veja. 15 October 2010.
- Federal Senate. 13 August 2010.
- ^ [1]. "Art. 7º - Sendo a República Federativa brasileira a forma de governo proclamada, o Governo Provisório não reconhece nem reconhecerá nenhum Governo local contrário à forma republicana, aguardando, como lhe cumpre, o pronunciamento definitivo do voto da Nação, livremente expressado pelo sufrágio popular."
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) Presidency of the Republic - Law N° 8624, 4 February 1993.