Boring (earth)

Boring is

mineral exploration

. Today, most Earth drilling serves one of the following purposes:

return samples of the soil and/or rock through which the drill passes
access rocks from which material can be extracted
access rocks which can then be measured
provide access to rock for purposes of providing engineering support

Unlike drilling in other materials where the aim is to create a hole for some purpose, often the case of drilling or coring is to get an understanding of the ground/lithology. This may be done for prospecting to identify and quantify an ore body for mining, or to determining the type of foundations needed for a building or raised structure, or for underground structures, including tunnels and deep basements where an understanding of the ground is vital to determining how to excavate and the support philosophy. Drilling is also used in vertical and inclined shaft construction.

A boring machine illustration from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

Mud log

in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling wells.

History

Borehole drilling has a long history. Han dynasty China (202 BC – 220 AD) used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects. Chinese borehole sites could reach as deep as 600 m (2,000 ft).^[1]

Methods

When drilling in stone, one must pay particular attention to the type of material. There are three different classifications of drill bits used for drilling into stone: soft, medium, and hard. Soft formation rock bits are used in unconsolidated sands, clays, and soft limestones, etc. Medium formation bits are used in

limestones

and other hard and/or abrasive formations.

Soft ground drilling can be undertaken using a

RQD) and identify any discontinuities

or other planes of weakness.

Testing of the material in

permeability

. Samples of water and material are also taken for examination and lab testing.

Superdeep Borehole

In 1961 the United States began

Mohorovičić discontinuity

. The project was discontinued due to high cost.

The

USSR attempted to drill a hole through the crust, to sample the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The deepest hole ever drilled failed not because of lack of money or time, but because of rock physics at depth. At approximately 12,000 metres depth, rock begins to act more like a plastic solid than a rigid solid. Rock temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius, required that the drilling fluid be refrigerated

before being sent to the cutting face of the drill. As the drill bits burnt out and were removed for replacement, the hole simply flowed closed, and the rock had to be re-drilled. The hole was scrapped.

Further attempts are planned by American consortia and further Russian attempts in Finland.

Ice boring

IceCube Neutrino Detector and Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array

projects to drill as deep as 2,450 meters.

References

^ * Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 194.

External links

[loewe_1968_194-1] * Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 194.

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