Bosnia (early medieval)
Bosnia Bosna Босна | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8/9th century–1154 | |||||||||
Capital | Katera or Desnik | ||||||||
Knez | |||||||||
• 838 AD | Ratimir | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 8/9th century | ||||||||
1154 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Bosnia (
Geography
The very nucleus where the first Bosnian state emerged and had developed is Visoko valley, surrounding a wider area of modern-day town of Visoko.[4][5] The early Bosnia, according to
History
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina portal |
The western Balkans had been reconquered from "
Historical and archaeological information on early medieval Bosnia remains inadequate.[17] According to DAI, Bosnia included two inhabited towns,[18] Katera and Desnik.[19] Katera has been thought to be identified as Kotorac near Sarajevo, however, according to Bulić 2013, archaeology refutes this. Katera may have been situated in the vicinity of modern-day Kotor Varoš, the potential site could be Bobac or Bobos, however, site only includes late medieval findings to date.[18] Desnik remains wholly unidentified, but was thought to be near Dešanj.[18] Hadžijahić wholly rejected the information about location of the two towns in Bosnia, arguing that the Greek preposition in the sentence is often erroneously translated (as "in" instead of "toward"), referring to two Serbian towns toward land of Bosnia.[20] Relja Novaković also questioned why there was an additional mention of a land with own cities if they should be part of Serbia, concluding that Bosnia almost always was a separate country.[21] Francis Dvornik stated to be, "most probable-and this is accepted by most historians of the period", initially formed as part of Croatia and later in mid-10th century was ruled by Serbia.[22]
If DAI's kastra oikoumena does not designate inhabited towns, but ecclesiastical centers instead (in 6th century is mentioned Bestoen bishopric with several episcopal centers that belonged to
Northern and Northeastern Bosnia was captured by
Based on semi-mythical Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (13th century), according to some scholars the earliest known ruler of Bosnia was Ratimir in 838 AD.[2][41] According to later Annales Ragusini (14-17th century[42]), the death of childless Stiepan in 871 was followed by 17 years war which was ended by Croatian ruler Bereslav's conquest of Bosnia, while in 972 Bosnian ruler was killed and land conquered by certain Sigr. Ducha d'Albania, but another ruler of the lineage of Moravia de Harvati and related to previous Bosnian ruler, expelled Sigr. Ducha and united Bosnia.[43][44]
During the mid-12th century, the Banate of Bosnia emerged under its first ruler Ban Borić. After Ban Kulin Bosnia was by practical means an independent state, but that was constantly challenged by Hungarian kings who tried to reestablish its authority.[45]
Ethnopolitical identity
In the Early Middle Ages, Fine Jr. and Malcolm believe that westernmost parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were part of Duchy of Croatia, while the easternmost parts were part of Principality of Serbia,[13][46] although, the harsh and usually inaccessible elevated terrains of the country most likely never came under direct control of either of the two neighboring Slavic states, and instead always had its own distinct political governance. This is reinforced by the Byzantine writer Cinnamus, who wrote:
..the river Drina which has its source somewhere in the upper lands, separates Bosnia from Serbia, Bosnia, isn't subordinated to the Serb ruler, instead the people in it have a special way of life and governance.[47]
According to Martin Dimnik writing for
Regarding the ethnic identity of the inhabitants of Bosnia until 1180, Noel Malcolm concludes "it cannot be answered, for two reasons":
...first, because we lack evidence, and secondly, because the question lacks meaning. We can say that the majority of the Bosnian territory was probably occupied by Croats - or at least, by Slavs under Croat rule - in the seventh century; but that is a tribal label which has little or no meaning five centuries later. The Bosnians were generally closer to the Croats in their religious and political history; but to apply the modem notion of Croat identity (something constructed in recent centuries out of religion, history and language) to anyone in this period would be an anachronism. All that one can sensibly say about the ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia.[29][48]
See also
- Usora (region)
- Soli (region)
- Visoko during the Middle Ages
References
- ^ Vego 1982, p. 104"All the aforementioned historical sources on the use of the title "King of Rama" in the offices of Hungarian kings and feudal lords and some foreign diplomats in Europe must be proof of independent Bosnia in the period of Early Middle Ages, especially in the early 12th century, regardless of temporary conquests of Bosnia by neighboring and foreign rulers"
Original source: Svi pomenuti historijski izvori o upotrebi naslova "kralj Rame" u kancelarijama ugarskih kraljeva i feudalaca i nekih stranih diplomata u Evropi, moraju se smatrati da označavaju samostalnu Bosnu već u ranom periodu srednjeg vijeka, naročito u početku 12. vijeka, bez obzira na privremeno osvajanje Bosne od strane susjednih i stranih vladara - ^ a b Vego 1982, pp. 18, 25 "Knez Ratimir bi bio prvi poznati knez na području Bosne kao samostalne oblasti."
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 33, 60. 173–174:Vladavina Bladinova nasljednika Ratimira može se datirati u 838. godinu ... Nijedan vladar iz popisa vladara u Ljetopisu, izuzimajući kneza Ratimira, ne spominje se u drugim savremenim izvorima. Ratimira spominju franački anali i Conversio Bagoaniorum et Carantanorum iz 838. godine. Unatoč tome mislim da bi popis vladara naveden u Ljetopisu zagorske sklavinije, počevši od Silimira pa do Svetolika-Stjepana, mogao biti prihvaćen kao pouzdan ... (kraj trećeg desetljeća IX st. - 838.) ... Ratimir, kao knez regnuma južno od Save, spominje se 838. u franačkim spisima, kao i u Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum18 Historiografija većinom smatra Ratimira hrvatskim knezom i bugarskim vazalom ... Nasuprot tome, smatram da kneza kojeg su postavili Bugari nije moguće poistovjetiti s Ratimirom iz Ljetopisa zagorske sklavinije, "jer se Pop Dukljanin uopšte nigde i nikad ne obazire na panonsko-hrvatske strane", kako kaže Šišić.20 Ratimir je bio knez samostalnog regnuma južno od Save, što će reći knez "zagorske sklavinije".21 21...Moje mišljenje prihvatio je Marko Vego
- ^ Filipović 2002, p. 203.
- ^ Vego 1982, p. 77.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 9–20.
- ^ ISBN 978-86-80269-59-7. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ Vego 1982, pp. 26–33 lGranice najstarije oblasti Bosne
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 14–15, 32–33.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 32.
- ^ a b Kaimakamova & Salamon 2007, p. 244.
- ISBN 978-9958-815-00-3.
- ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 53.
- ^ "The Charter of Kulin is the best legally Bosnia and Herzegovina state document". Institute For Research of Genocide Canada (IGC) (in English and Serbo-Croatian). 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "Šta je Povelja Kulina bana bez domovine". Al Jazeera Balkans (in Bosnian). 2 January 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Razlikovanje Bosne od ostalih kasnije stečenih dijelova ostalo je prisutno u titulaturi bosanskih vladara tijekom čitavog srednjeg vijeka. Uvažavanje te složenosti bosanskog državnog prostora može pružiti podlogu i pomoći pri razmišljanju o etničkoj i narodnosnoj pripadnosti srednjovjekovnog bosanskog stanovništva. U tijesnoj vezi s tim je postanak i funkcioniranje naziva Bošnjani kojim su u domaćoj izvornoj građi nazivani politički podanici bosanskih vladara od vremena Stjepana II. Kotromanića. Rjeđe su taj naziv Dubrovčani talijanizirali i pisali kao Bosignani.
- ^ Bulić 2013, p. 155.
- ^ a b c d Bulić 2013, p. 156.
- ^ Moravcsik 1967.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 83–91.
- ^ Novaković, Relja (2010) [1981]. "Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije" [Where was Serbia from the 7th to the 12th century: Conclusion and summary of the monograph] (Internet ed.).
- ^ Dvornik 1962, p. 99–100.
- ^ Jeličić-Radonić, Jasna (1994). "The Salonitan cultural circle of Justinian's time". Prilozi Povijesti Umjetnosti U Dalmaciji. 34 (1): 21–36. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Škegro, Ante (2005). "The Bestoen bishopric in the light of prior research". Arheološki Vestnik. 56: 369–389. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Škegro, Ante (2009). "The Acts of Salonitan metropolitan councils held in 530 and 533 - an analysis". Archaeologia Adriatica. 3 (1): 191–204. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Šanjek, Franjo (1992). "Kršćanstvo Bosne i Hercegovine, str. 119-152". Croatica Christiana Periodica. 16 (30): 121–123. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Živković 2010b, p. 158–159.
- ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 8–9.
- ^ a b Malcolm 1994, p. 11.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
- ^ a b c d Malcolm 1994, p. 9.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 148.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 149.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 261–262.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 154–157.
- ^ a b Dvornik 1962, p. 100.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 265.
- ^ a b Malcolm 1994, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Bulić 2013, p. 157.
- ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 12.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 14, 32–33, 39, 60–61, 105, 142, 167–170, 172–175, 270, 278.
- . Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 184, 285.
- ^ Andretić, Nikša Ranjina (1883). Scriptores: Annales ragusini anonymi item Nicolai de Ragnina. Volumen I. Academia scientiarum et artium Slavorum meridionalium. pp. 20, 22.
871. In Bosna si fece gran garbugli, perchè Re Stiepan morite senza herede, et non haveva chi sucedere Bosna; et tutta andò a signori, conti, baroni, per modo che tal guerra durò anni 17, e poi uno barone de Harvatia, Bereslavo vense, et oprimava tutta Bosna bascia ... 972. In Bosna vense de lochi d'Albania un Sigr. Ducha con gran hoste, e con lui furono Ragusei; et prese tutto paese de Bosna, et stette anni cinque in regname pacifico, poi morite. Et si faceva altro Re della linea de Moravia de Harvati; et sottomise tutto regno de Bosna sotto suo regname, per modo che con Ragusei non se voleva bene, per cagion perchè fu parente con quel Re, qual fu debelato per Signore venuto di Albania, (e) qual fu stato amazato per cagion de Ragusei. Perchè Ragusei son stati in ajuto con lui, per tale cagion voleva mal alli Ragusei. Quel che in ogni locho poteva, pigliava a sacco, et Ragusei sono stati assai danificati per detto regname de Bosna.
- ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 8.
- ISBN 9958-815-00-1.
- ^ Kaimakamova & Salamon 2007, p. 244
Sources
- ISBN 9782911527104.
- Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka (in Bosnian). Preporod. ISBN 978-9958-815-00-3.
- Bulić, Dejan (2013). "The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation". The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD). Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 137–234. ISBN 9788677431044.
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- ISBN 9780884020219.
- Filipović, Milenko S. (2002). Visočka nahija (in Serbian). Mak.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću (from the original University of Michigan ed.). Sarajevo: Preporod. ISBN 9789958820274.
- Kaimakamova, Miliana; Salamon, Maciej (2007). Byzantium, new peoples, new powers: the Byzantino-Slav contact zone, from the ninth to the fifteenth century. Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica". ISBN 978-83-88737-83-1.
- ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.
- ISBN 9780884020219.
- Mrgić-Radojčić, Jelena (2004). "Rethinking the Territorial Development of the Medieval Bosnian State". Историјски часопис. 51: 43–64.
- Vego, Marko (1982). Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
- ISBN 9788675585732.
- Živković, Tibor (2010a). "On the Beginnings of Bosnia in the Middle Ages". Spomenica akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet. pp. 161–180.
- Živković, Tibor (2010b). "O počecima Bosne u ranom srednjem vijeku". Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (39): 149–161.