British Legions

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about volunteer units fighting in South America. For the current veterans' organisation, see
The Royal British Legion. For World War II, see British Free Corps. For other uses, see British Legion (disambiguation)
.
British Legions
James Rooke
Arthur Sandes
Insignia
The Union Flag carried throughout the campaigns.[2]
Flag of the Irish Legion carried by General Devereux[3]

The British Legion (

political conviction and mercenary motives.[3]

Their greatest achievements were at the Boyacá (1819), Carabobo (1821), Pichincha (1822) and Battle of Ayacucho (1824) which secured independence for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru from Spanish rule respectively.

Background

Further information:
British Intervention in Spanish American Independence

At the end of the Napoleonic Wars the British Empire no longer required a large standing army. In April 1817, The Times calculated that there were 500,000 ex-soldiers in a British population of 25 million. After a quarter-century of Continental wars—both the wars against Revolutionary France and the Napoleonic Wars—these men had no other employment history or trade and, therefore, often found themselves in poverty.

Black Legend
.

The motivations of volunteers for the British Legions varied. Volunteers were also motivated by the

Simon Bolívar's supporters that portrayed the war as bringing freedom and rights to people under Spanish tyranny. For these reasons, particularly the former, the recruiting of British volunteers received tacit government support, even if in principle the British Crown discontinued its support to the insurgents after the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Mercenary interests also played a large part in motivating potential recruits, who were often unemployed, and perceived South America as a place where they would be able to continue to earn a living.[5]

Formation

From May 1817, the British volunteers were mainly recruited in London by Bolivar's agent, Luis Lopez Mendez with the probable approval of the Duke of Wellington.[6] The recruits were encouraged by promises of pay equivalent to the British army and by promotion to one rank above that which they had held in the army. Pay was to commence upon arrival in Venezuela and when the call was heard on the streets of London thousands began to volunteer for the expedition and soon the first five detachments were formed as follows:[6]

Early Formation Number
1st Venezuelan Hussars: Colonel Gustavus Hippisley 30 officers and 160 NCOs
2nd Venezuelan Hussars (Red Hussars): Colonel Henry Wilson 20 officers and 100 NCOs
1st Venezuelan Lancers: Colonel Robert Skeene 20 officers and 200 NCOs
1st Venezuelan Rifles: Colonel Donald Campbell 37 officers and 200 NCOs
Brigade of Artillery: Colonel Joseph Gilmour 10 officers and 80 NCOs
5 6-pounders, 1 5½ howitzer

Campaigns

The soldiers used Margarita Island as their base. Conditions there were poor and some died of disease. To replace losses they recruited 100 locals into their ranks.[7]

Expedition embarked
Under command: 		Number of Soldiers
Colonel Hippisley 720
Colonel James Towers English 1,200
Colonel Elson 572
General John D'Evereux 1,729
General Gregor MacGregor 600
Colonel Meceroni 300
Colonel
James Rooke
 200
Others 387
Total 5,508

Venezuela and New Granada

They took part in the campaign of the

James Rooke as commander. George Elsom, who had formerly been an ensign with a militia regiment near London and who had sailed with Hippisley's expedition, returned to London to recruit. Amongst his recruits were some 110 Hanoverians, who were commanded by John Uslar who saw action at Waterloo with the King's German Legion.[9]

In June 1819 Elsom arrived at the mouth of the Orinoco with the first wave of British troops. They numbered some 2,200 men equipped and uniformed, under the command of Captain George Gibson and twenty officers.[7] This Second British Legion' as it became known consisted of the 1st British Legion led by Colonel James Towers English, the 2nd British Legion led by Colonel John Blossett, and the Irish Legion, led by Colonel William Aylmer (1772–1820).

Colonel Arthur Sandes who commanded the Rifles

The Legion adopted the motto Morir o vencer (Die or Conquer), as well as an anthem, composed to the tune of Ye Gentlemen of England which was continually played by the Legion's band.[10] The uniforms were similar to those worn by the British army which had been supplied by the firm of Herring and Richardson who had also fitted out the ships.[11] In Ireland a similar recruiting process took place. Led by John D'Evereux who enlisted 1700 men which became known as the Irish Legion.[7]

The Rifle Battalion joined the same month which saw Bolivar reorganise his forces. The Rifles, reinforced by another 350 British troops who had recently arrived in South America, were then formed into two battalions. The first was to be commanded by Colonel

Antonio Jose de Sucre.[7]

The British Legions after months of inactivity joined Bolivar's army on the Plains of Apure towards the end of 1818 but saw no serious action until March 19, 1819, in a skirmish in the woods of Gamarra.[12] They would soon become an important part of Bolívar's army to liberate the Viceroyalty of New Granada. They had to endure the secretive and brutal crossing of the Andes from May to June during which the Patriot army suffered greatly including the British.[13]

They played a pivotal role however in the Battle of Vargas Swamp on July 25. During this action Bolivar found himself in a difficult position; the left flank of the Patriot army was outflanked and withdrew in disorder. Rooke then led the 2nd Rifles against the Spanish positions on the hills. A ferocious bayonet charge regained the positions for the Patriots. Rooke fell mortally wounded while Sandes was also wounded twice. Despite heavy casualties the British troops distinguished themselves.[7][14]

At the Battle of Boyacá on August 7, 1819, Sandes' Rifles Battalion led a bayonet charge on the royalist artillery which turned the tide of the battle.[15] After the triumphal entry into Santa Fe de Bogota Bolivar credited them with the victory saying "those soldier-liberators are the men who deserve these laurels" [16] They were awarded with the 'Order of the Liberator' one of the rare occasions during the war when this decoration was bestowed onto an entire unit.

At the

Jose Antonio Paez.[17] They defended strategically important hills while being greatly outnumbered and low on supplies; their heroic stand was the decisive moment of the day. They suffered 119 casualties, of those were two officers with Ferrier among the dead. Bolívar described the Legions and all who served in them as "the saviours of my country". As a reward for their service, they were given the Carabobo battle honour by the general staff of the Patriot forces, and all its personnel rewarded with the Liberators' Star by Bolívar himself, 20 days after the battle.[18]

Ecuador and Peru

With the independence of Colombia and Venezuela secured, Bolivar and his patriot army along with the British Legions moved South to drive the Spanish out of Peru and Ecuador. They marched over the mountains again this time to a land of high volcanoes where they managed to force the Spanish to withdraw at the Battle of Bomboná on April 7, 1822. The following month the Legions assisted Sucre's army and marched higher still to Quito standing at 9,300 feet in the mountains. There on 24 May 1822, they fought on the flanks of a volcano at the Battle of Pichincha. The battle could have turned into a rout if the British and Irish troops had not thwarted a dangerous flank attack by the veteran Spanish Aragón battalion.[19] The victory at Pichincha for the Patriot army secured independence for Ecuador.[20]

They took part in the last major campaign of the Independence wars in Peru during 1824; British volunteers, including the 1st Rifles under Sandes, were present at the

Battle of Junin in August and the Battle of Ayacucho in December which marked the end of Spanish rule in South America.[21]

Aftermath

The British Legions fought until the end of the wars, their number much depleted. Many of the survivors settled in the new states that they helped to create. For a long time they were largely forgotten to history.[22]

In the overall strategy British pressure by use of their navy and diplomacy was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies. At the same time British intervention between 1815 and 1819, was one of the key factors for the independence of South American states, in particular the role of the British Legions in Bolivar's campaigns.[23]

A monument honouring the British Legions at the Bridge of Boyacá.

See also

References

  1. ^ Central Office of Information Reference Pamphlet, Issue 86. COII. 1973. p. 7.
  2. ISBN 9781846310447
    .
  3. ^ a b Brown p. 210
  4. ISBN 9781439110195
  5. ^ Mitre, Bartolomé: Historia de Belgrano. Imprenta de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 1859. V. II, page 321. (in Spanish)
  6. ^ a b Howgego pp. 556-57
  7. ^ a b c d e Fletcher, Ian. "Bolivar British Legion". Ian Fletcher. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20.
  8. ^ Rodriguez p. 300
  9. ^ Hughes p. 187
  10. ^ Rodriguez p. 131
  11. ^ Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law Issue 303 of Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences. Columbia University Press. 1928. p. 114.
  12. ^ Rodriguez p. 878
  13. ^ Hughes pp.169-71
  14. ^ Rodriguez p. 259, 354
  15. ^ Issue 303 of Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences. Columbia University Press. 1928. p. 202 & 221.
  16. ^ Grant p. 560
  17. ISBN 978-0-300-12604-4
    .
  18. ^ Hughes p. 308
  19. ^ Mackenzie p. 66
  20. ^ Studies, Volume 42. 1953. p. 394.
  21. ^ Rodriguez p. 363
  22. ISBN 9780117000605
    .
  23. ^ Webster, Charles Kingsley (1938). Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 1812-1830: Select Documents from the Foreign Office Archives, Volume 1. Ibero-American institute of Great Britain. pp. 75–78.

Bibliography

External links
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