Butler's Rangers

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Butler's Rangers
A soldier in Butler's Rangers during the American Revolutionary War, wearing a green wool coat, buff trousers, and a brass regimental plate on a round wool hat, from a 1910 painting by American artist Charles M. Lefferts.
Active1777-1784
Country Great Britain
BranchBritish provincial unit
TypeLight infantry
RoleManeuver warfare
Unconventional warfare
Size573 men in 10 companies (1783)[1]
EngagementsAmerican Revolutionary War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Lieutenant Colonel
Peter Hare
Captain John McDonell

Butler's Rangers (1777–1784) was a

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. The Rangers fought principally in New York and Pennsylvania, but ranged as far west as Ohio and Michigan, and as far south as Virginia and Kentucky
.

The Rangers were engaged in numerous violent raids that characterized the northern frontier of the American Revolutionary War, such as the Battle of Wyoming in July 1778 and the Cherry Valley massacre of November 1778. These actions earned the Rangers a reputation for ruthlessness.

Formation

Similar to other Loyalist regiments that fought for the British Crown during the Revolutionary War, for example the

Province of Quebec (now Canada) in the company of other Loyalist leaders, such as Daniel Claus and the Mohawk leader, Joseph Brant. During the war, John Butler also served as a deputy superintendent in the British Indian Department under Guy Johnson, another prominent Loyalist from the Mohawk Valley.[2]

During the 1777

Saratoga Campaign, Butler persuaded about 350 Seneca warriors to participate in the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and led a group of Indian Department rangers at the Battle of Oriskany. As a result, Butler was granted permission in September 1777 to raise a “corps of rangers,” and was commissioned as its major commandant. Butler's Rangers would be based at Fort Niagara, and would work closely with Britain’s native allies.[2] Over the course of the war, the Rangers slowly grew from two companies in February 1778 to 10 companies by September 1781.[1] Although the Rangers were headquartered at Fort Niagara, one company was later stationed at Detroit.[3]

A number of

Canada.[4]

Campaigns

In the summer of 1778, 110 Rangers under the command of Major Butler, accompanied by 464 mostly Seneca warriors, led by Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter, destroyed the settlements in the Wyoming Valley in northeastern Pennsylvania.[5] At the Battle of Wyoming on July 3, 1778, between 300 and 400 Patriot militia and Continentals were thoroughly routed by Butler's forces. The battle is frequently referred to as the Wyoming Massacre due to the large number of American soldiers who were scalped and killed by the Seneca as they fled the battlefield.[6] A sensationalist and widely distributed newspaper report published a few weeks later falsely accused the Rangers of slaughtering women and children in the aftermath of the battle.[6][7]

In September 1778, Captain

William Caldwell’s company participated in the Attack on German Flatts that destroyed about 63 houses as well as barns and mills.[5][8]

Two months later, Major Butler’s son, Captain

Cherry Valley Massacre. Unlike at Wyoming where few if any non-combatants were killed, Captain Butler was unable to prevent the Seneca killing 32 civilians including children. About 70 of the inhabitants were taken captive but most of the women and children were released two days later.[5][8]

At the

Haudenosaunee and Munsee Delaware were unable to turn back the invasion of Haudenosaunee territory by the Continental Army during the genocidal Sullivan Campaign. The Rangers were forced to withdraw under sustained artillery fire when Major Butler became aware that his position was being flanked.[8][9]

John Butler was promoted from Major to Lieutenant Colonel in the winter of 1780.[3]

In October 1780, houses, barns, mills, and stores of grain and hay were burned as Loyalist forces led by

Sir John Johnson marched down the Schoharie Valley to the Mohawk River, then headed west to destroy Stone Arabia. Four companies of Butler’s Rangers under the command of Lt. Col. Butler took part in this action. Albany and Tryon County militia under the command of Brigadier General Robert Van Rensselaer engaged Johnson's men west of Stone Arabia at the inconclusive Battle of Klock's Field on October 19, 1780.[10]

A year later, Major

Johnstown. With Ross were three companies of Butler's Rangers commanded by Captain Butler. On October 25, 1781, Ross engaged several hundred patriot militia commanded by Colonel Marinus Willett at the Battle of Johnstown. Five days later, as Ross withdrew towards Oswego, a rear-guard action at West Canada Creek resulted in the death of Captain Butler.[11]

In June 1782, Captain William Caldwell’s company and their Shawnee allies forced Colonel

Battle of Sandusky. Caldwell was wounded early in the battle. In August, Caldwell crossed into Kentucky and after an unsuccessful attack on Bryan Station, defeated the patriot militia at the Battle of Blue Licks.[1][3] A month later Captain Andrew Bradt’s company was present at the unsuccessful Siege of Fort Henry, in what is now Wheeling, West Virginia.[1][3]

Officers

A likeness of Sgt. Jacob Dittrick, in Butler's Rangers uniform, by Canadian artist, Garth Dittrick

The company commanders of Butler's Rangers were:

Uniforms and Weapons

There is an historical debate as to what the Butler's Ranger uniform actually looked like.

  • Variation A – Their uniforms consisted of a green woolen coat faced white and a white woolen waistcoat. Their pant garment was gaitered trousers made from Russia sheeting, a hemp product. Their hats were round hats, useful in shielding their faces from the sun. When in garrison or on parade, they could bring up the leaves of that hat to form a cocked hat. Their belting was black.[12]
  • Variation B – Dark green coats faced with scarlet and lined with the same, a waistcoat of green cloth, and Buckskin Indian leggings reaching from the ankle to the waist...their caps were almost skull caps of black jacket leather or turned up felt with a black cockade on the left side. Their belts were of buff leather and crossed at the breast where they were held in place by a brass plate marked in the same manner and with the same words as the cap plate. This version is based on supposition rather than primary source materials.

Butler's Rangers primarily used both the Long-Land and Short-Land forms of the Brown Bess musket. A mix of other firearms may have been used but would have created a supply issue due to calibre variations.[13]

Resettlement in Canada

Butler's Barracks in Niagara-on-the-Lake

Butler's Rangers were disbanded in June 1784, and its veterans were given land grants in the

Lincoln Militia
by 1793. The Lincoln Militia saw extensive fighting during the War of 1812 (1812–1815).

The Lincoln Militia still exists today as

Indian Department, and received the name because Butler had been a Deputy Superintendent in that department.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Smy, William A. An Annotated Nominal Roll of Butler’s Rangers 1777-1784: with Documentary Sources. Friends of the Loyalist Collection at Brock University, 2004.
  2. ^ a b Bowler, R. Arthur and Wilson, Bruce G. “Butler, John,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed December 22, 2022. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/butler_john_1796_4E.html
  3. ^ a b c d Cruikshank, Ernest. Butler's Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara. Welland, Ontario, 1893.
  4. ^ Fraser, Robert L. "Pierpont, Richard,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed December 26, 2022, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pierpoint_richard_7E.html.
  5. ^ a b c Watt, Gavin K. Fire & Desolation: The Revolutionary War's 1778 Campaign as Waged from Quebec and Niagara Against the American Frontier. Toronto: Dundurn, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Schenawolf, Harry. "Battle of Wyoming – American Defeat or Massacre?" Revolutionary War Journal, July 21, 2021.
  7. ^ Tharp, William R. “Savage and Bloody Footsteps Through the Valley: The Wyoming Massacre in the American Imagination." M.A. thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Kelsay, Isabel Thompson. Joseph Brant, 1743-1807: Man of Two Worlds. Syracuse University Press, 1984.
  9. ^ Watt, Gavin K. No Despicable Enemy, 1779: The Continental Army destroys Indian Territory. Global Heritage Press, 2019
  10. ^ Watt, Gavin K. The Burning of the Valleys: Daring Raids from Canada against the New York Frontier in the Fall of 1780. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997.
  11. ^ Watt, Gavin K. A Dirty Trifling, Piece of Business: The Revolutionary War as Waged from Canada in 1781. Dundurn Press, 2009.
  12. ^ Calvin Arnt (August 10, 2007). "The Butler Ranger Uniform. Fact vs. Opinion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  13. ^ Alan D. Woolley. "Uniforms, Accoutrements and Weapons". Butler's Rangers. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  14. ^ "Lincoln and Welland Regiment Museum: Butler's Barracks. Retrieved on Aug 7, 2016". Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2016.

Bibliography

  • Cruikshank, Ernest. Butler's Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara. Welland, Ontario, 1893.
  • Smy, William A. An Annotated Nominal Roll of Butler’s Rangers 1777-1784: with Documentary Sources. Friends of the Loyalist Collection at Brock University, 2004.
  • Swiggett, Howard. War Out of Niagara: Walter Butler and the Tory Rangers. Columbia University Press, 1933.
  • Williams, Glenn F. Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Iroquois. Westholme, 2006.

Novels

  • Brick, John. The King's Rangers. Doubleday and Company, 1954.
  • References to this war are described in the novel "Zach" by William Bell
  • Miller, Orlo. "Raiders of the Mohawk." Macmillian, 1966. A romanticized account based on the true life experiences of Daniel Springer, who served in the Rangers along with his older brother, Richard.

External links

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