Detroit

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Detroit, Michigan
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Detroit
Detroit
City
	Downtown Detroit skyline Fox Theatre Renaissance Center Ambassador Bridge Comerica Park Detroit Institute of Arts Hitsville U.S.A. Belle Isle Park
Mayor	Mike Duggan (I)
• Clerk	Janice Winfrey
• City council	Members Mary D. Waters – At Large; Coleman Young II – At Large; James Tate – District 1 Northwest; Angela Calloway – District 2 Near Northwest; Scott Benson – District 3 Northeast; Latisha Johnson – District 4 Far East Side; Mary Sheffield – District 5 Central-Near East Side; Gabriela Santiago-Romero – District 6 Southwest; Fred Durhal III – District 7 West Side;
Area
ZIP Codes	482XX
Mass transit	Detroit Department of Transportation, Detroit People Mover, QLine
Website	detroitmi.gov

Detroit (/dɪˈtrɔɪt/ ^ⓘ dih-TROYT, locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ DEE-troyt)^[8] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated on the bank of the Detroit River across from Windsor, Ontario. It had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 census,^[9] making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States and the largest U.S. city on the Canada–United States border. The Metro Detroit area, home to 4.3 million people, is the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area and the 14th-largest in the United States. The seat of Wayne County, Detroit is a significant cultural center known for its contributions to music, art, architecture and design, in addition to its historical automotive and industrial background.^[10]^[11]

In 1701, Royal French explorers Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and Alphonse de Tonty founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit. During the late 19th and early 20th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region. The city's population rose to be the fourth-largest in the nation by 1920, with the expansion of the automotive industry in the early 20th century.^[12] One of its main features, the Detroit River, became the busiest commercial hub in the world. In the mid-20th century, Detroit entered a state of urban decay that has continued to the present, as a result of industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 65 percent.^[9] In 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, but successfully exited in 2014.^[13] In 2024, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that Detroit's population grew for a second consecutive year and led population growth in Michigan for the first time since the 1950s.^[14]

Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the St. Lawrence Seaway. The city anchors the third-largest regional economy in the Midwest and the 16th-largest in the United States.^[15] It is also best known as the center of the U.S. automotive industry, and the "Big Three" auto manufacturers—General Motors, Ford, and Stellantis North America (Chrysler)—are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.^[16] It houses the Detroit Metropolitan Airport, one of the most important hub airports in the United States. Detroit and the adjacent Canadian city Windsor constitute the second-busiest international crossing in North America, after San Diego–Tijuana.^[17]

conservation efforts have managed to save many architectural pieces and achieve several large-scale revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theaters and entertainment venues, high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. Detroit is an increasingly popular tourist destination which caters to about 16 million visitors per year.^[18] In 2015, Detroit was designated a "City of Design" by UNESCO, the first and only U.S. city to receive that designation.^[19]

History

Toponymy

Detroit is named after the Detroit River, connecting Lake Huron with Lake Erie. The name comes from the French language word détroit meaning 'strait' as the city was situated on a narrow north–south passage of water linking the two lakes. The river was known as le détroit du Lac Érié in the French language, which means 'the strait of Lake Erie'.^[20]^[21] In the historical context, the strait included the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River.^[22]^[23]

Indigenous settlement

Historical affiliations

Kingdom of France 1701–1760
Kingdom of Great Britain 1760–1796
United States 1796–1812
United Kingdom 1812–1813
United States 1813–present

Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, and Iroquois peoples.^[25] The area is known by the Anishinaabe people as Waawiiyaataanong, translating to 'where the water curves around'.^[26]

The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their way around the Iroquois League, with whom they were at war in the 1630s.^[27] The Huron and Neutral people held the north side of Lake Erie until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed them and the Erie people away from the lake and its beaver-rich feeder streams in the Beaver Wars of 1649–1655.^[27] By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as the Ohio River valley in northern Kentucky as hunting grounds,^[27] and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.^[27] For the next hundred years, virtually no British or French action was contemplated without consultation with the Iroquois or consideration of their likely response.^[27]

French settlement

Fort Lernoult

showing major streets, gardens, fortifications, military complexes, and public buildings (John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi, ca. 1800)

On July 24, 1701, the French explorer

Roman Catholic parish in the United States.^[30] France offered free land to colonists to attract families further west into the Great Lakes region interior of the North American continent to Detroit; when it eventually reached a population of about 800 by 1765, after the colonial conflict of the French and Indian War (1753–1763), (Seven Years' War in Europe), it became the largest European settlement between the important towns of Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements, in the former colonies of New France and La Louisiane (further south on the Mississippi River, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico), respectively.^[31] The region's then colonial economy was based on the lucrative fur trade

, in which numerous Native American peoples had important roles as trappers and traders.

British rule

During the

Fort Detroit along the Detroit River in the Great Lakes but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America of New France and south of the lakes east of the Mississippi to the Appalachian Mountains to Britain following the war.^[32]

When Great Britain evicted France from its colonial possessions in

Province of Quebec since the British takeover of former French colonial possessions in North America in 1763.^[34]

After the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the establishment and recognition of the United States as an independent country, the Great Britain ceded Detroit and other territories in the interior region of the continent, south of the Great Lakes and west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River under the peace of the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The new Northwest Territories established the southern border with Great Britain's remaining colonial provinces in British North America and became provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. However, the disputed border area remained under British control with several military forts and trading posts for another decade, and its forces did not fully withdraw until 1796, following the negotiations and ratification of the subsequent Jay Treaty of 1794 between the British and Americans.^[35] By the turn of the 19th century, white American settlers began pouring westwards across the Appalachians and through the Great Lakes.^[36]

Legacy

Today the municipal

French-Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were superseded as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers arrived in the early 19th century with American westward migration. Living along the shores of Lake St. Clair and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the ethnic French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French in reference to the fur trade, remain a subculture in the region up into the 21st century.^[37]^[38]

Post-revolutionary period and 19th century

From top: Woodward Avenue shopping district in 1865; The City of Detroit (from Canada Shore), 1872, by A. C. Warren; the Belle Isle Park in 1891

The Great Detroit Fire of 1805 destroyed most of the city's wooden buildings, leaving only a stone fort, a river warehouse, and brick chimneys from former homes.^[39] Despite the extensive damage, none of Detroit's 600 residents perished.^[40] The aftermath of the fire left a lasting legacy on the city's heritage. Father Gabriel Richard coined the city motto, "Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus," as he surveyed the ruins.^[41]^[42] The city seal, designed in 1827, directly depicted the fire by showing two women, one grieving the destruction while the other gestures toward a new city rising from the ashes.^[43] The seal forms the center of Detroit's flag.

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit served as the capital city of the

Fort Detroit without a fight after the city was cut off from American support assembling at the River Raisin. Later, the U.S. attempted to retake the fort and town during the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813, a significant victory for the British. The battle is commemorated at the River Raisin National Battlefield Park near Monroe, Michigan. Detroit was eventually recaptured later that year.^[44]

Detroit was officially incorporated as a city in 1815, and its urban design was influenced by the grand boulevards of Washington, D.C.

Catholepistemiad, later evolving into the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan

. Detroit's growth continued as a center of education and culture for the Michigan Territory.

Before the American Civil War, Detroit's position along the Canada-U.S. border made it a vital stop on the Underground Railroad. Thousands of enslaved African Americans escaped to Canada via the city.^[47]^[45]^[48] Notable activists like George DeBaptiste, William Lambert, and Laura Smith Haviland played key roles in assisting refugees.^[49] Detroit's contributions to the Union effort were also significant, with many residents volunteering to fight. The city's 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment, part of the famous Iron Brigade, suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg.^[50] The city's tensions over race, in tandem with national concerns over the draft, led to the Detroit race riot of 1863, leaving some dead and over 200 Black residents homeless. This prompted the establishment of a full-time police force in 1865.

In the late 19th century, Detroit grew as a hub for industry, particularly shipping and manufacturing. The city's wealth, driven by industrial magnates, led to the construction of opulent Gilded Age mansions along the grand avenues designed by Woodward. Detroit earned the nickname "Paris of the West" for its architectural beauty.^[45] By 1896, Henry Ford's first automobile was built in the city, and Detroit expanded its borders, annexing surrounding villages and townships as it solidified its place as a key player in the automobile industry.^[51]

Early 20th century and World War II

Cadillac Square and Wayne County Building (1902); Cadillac Square (1910s); corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold Street

(circa 1920)

In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Alongside automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, James and William Packard, and Walter Chrysler, they established the Big Three automakers, solidifying Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital by the early 20th century.^[45] The rise of the automotive industry in the United States transformed the city, leading to the development of related businesses such as garages, gas stations, and factories for parts.^{[citation needed]} Detroit's population grew rapidly, reaching the fourth-largest city in the U.S. by 1920.^[52]

In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67 million tons of shipping commerce, surpassing both London and New York City in volume. This earned the river the title "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth." During prohibition in the United States (1920–1933), the Detroit River became a major route for smuggling illegal alcohol from Canada.^[12] The booming auto industry and the expansion of shipping trade were central to Detroit's economic growth in the early 20th century.

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the

the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits, and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased the influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the UAW.^[53]

The demographic shifts caused by industrialization led to significant racial tensions in Detroit. The Great Migration brought African Americans from the South, while many southern and eastern European immigrants also moved to the city. Competition for jobs and housing fueled tensions between different ethnic and racial groups.^{[citation needed]} This period saw the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Detroit, which became a powerful force in the city during the 1920s, targeting Black, Catholic, and Jewish communities.^[54] Even after the Klan's decline, the Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, continued to spread fear in the 1930s.^[55]

In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, the Davison, was constructed.^[56] Systemic racial discrimination remained prevalent in Detroit, with restrictive housing covenants and violence against Black neighborhoods like Black Bottom and Paradise Valley.^[57]^[58]^[59] The city's racial tensions boiled over during the 1943 Detroit race riot. Sparked by a protest at the Packard plant, the riot resulted in 34 deaths, 433 injuries, and widespread property damage.^[60]^[61]

During World War II, the government encouraged retooling of the automobile industry in support of the Allied powers, leading to Detroit's key role in the American Arsenal of Democracy.^[62] Jobs expanded so rapidly due to the defense buildup in World War II that 400,000 people migrated to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Whites, including ethnic Europeans, feared black competition for jobs and scarce housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work, but when in June 1943 Packard promoted three black people to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 white workers walked off the job.^[63]

The skyline of Detroit, 1929

Late 20th century, racial tension and decline

Woodward Avenue from the Maccabees Building

with the city's skyline in the distance.

Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto industry. Detroit saw the consolidation of companies like Packard and

Hudson, which eventually disappeared. At its peak in the 1950 census, Detroit was the fifth-largest U.S. city, with a population of 1.85 million.^[64] In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population. Over the next 60 years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. The sprawling metropolitan area grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population during the same time period.^[45]

The city's auto industry, which made up 60% of its economy, continued to offer employment opportunities, especially for African Americans migrating from the South to escape Jim Crow laws. While the migration brought higher employment rates, with a 103% increase in Black workers, racial discrimination persisted in employment and housing. Black Detroiters often held lower-paying factory jobs, while city services and better-paying positions remained largely dominated by white residents. Discriminatory policies, such as redlining, limited Black access to housing and financial services, forcing many into overcrowded, unsafe neighborhoods. White residents and political leaders resisted integration, reinforcing a cycle of exclusion and segregation.^[65]

As in other major American cities in the postwar era, urban planning and infrastructure changes also impacted Detroit's racial dynamics. The construction of highways and freeways in the postwar era displaced many Black communities, including historically significant neighborhoods like Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. These areas, vital for Black businesses and culture, were demolished for urban renewal projects, exacerbating the displacement of low-income residents with little consideration for the community impact.^[65]

An electric PCC streetcar in Detroit, 1953

The city also saw a shift in its transportation system, as Detroit's last

electric streetcar line was replaced with buses in 1956.^[66]^[67] This change, alongside the rise of suburbanization and the relocation of industries to the outskirts, favored car-dependent, low-density development. By the 21st century, Detroit's sprawling metro area had developed into one of the most spread-out job markets in the U.S., contributing to a decline in Detroit's population and eroding its tax base as jobs moved beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.^[68]

The Detroit Walk to Freedom civil rights march occurred in June 1963.^[69] Martin Luther King Jr. gave a major speech that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., two months later. While the civil rights movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner-city black youth who wanted change.^[70]

I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children, that my four little children will not come up in the same young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the color of their skin ... I have a dream this evening that one day we will recognize the words of Jefferson that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." I have a dream ...

—Martin Luther King Jr. (June 1963 Speech at the Detroit Walk to Freedom)^[71]

The deadly 1967 Detroit riot resulted in massive demographic shifts via white flight.

Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.^[72] According to the Chicago Tribune, it was the 3rd most costly riot in the United States.^[73]

First Williams Block in 1915 (left) and 1989 (right)

In 1970, the NAACP filed a lawsuit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, alleging de facto segregation in Detroit's public schools. The lawsuit argued that although schools were not legally segregated, policies in Detroit and surrounding counties maintained racial segregation through housing practices, as school demographics mirrored segregated neighborhoods.^[74] The District Court ruled in favor of the NAACP,^[75] but in the landmark 1974 Milliken v. Bradley decision, the U.S. Supreme Court limited the scope of desegregation, ruling that suburban areas could not be forced to aid in Detroit's school desegregation.^[76]

Amid these challenges, Detroit elected Coleman Young as its first Black mayor in 1973. Young focused on increasing racial diversity in city services and improving Detroit's transportation system, although regional tensions with suburban leaders persisted.^[77] In 1976, a federal grant for a regional rapid transit system failed due to conflicts over planning, leaving Detroit to develop its own Detroit People Mover system.^[78]^[79]^[80] The city's struggles were exacerbated by the 1973 and 1979 oil crises, which hurt the auto industry and led to layoffs and plant closures, further diminishing the city's tax base.^[81]

Despite efforts to revitalize the city, such as the opening of the Renaissance Center in 1977, downtown Detroit continued to lose businesses to suburban areas.^[45]^[82]^[83] Middle-class flight, high unemployment, and increased crime worsened the city's conditions, with abandoned buildings and neighborhoods further contributing to its decline. Young's focus on downtown development was criticized as insufficient in addressing the broader social and economic challenges faced by the city's residents.^[84] In 1993, Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor and was succeeded by Dennis Archer. Archer prioritized downtown development, easing tensions with its suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.^[85]

21st century

Campus Martius, a downtown park reconfiguration, opened in 2004 and was cited as one of the best public spaces in the U.S.^[87]^[88]^[89] The first phase of the International Riverfront redevelopment was completed in 2001 for Detroit's 300th-anniversary celebration.^[90] In 2008, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick resigned after felony convictions, and in 2013 was sentenced to 28 years in prison.^[91]^[92] His actions cost the city an estimated $20 million.^[93] In 2011, about half of Detroit's 305,000 property owners failed to pay their taxes, leaving approximately $246 million (~$329 million in 2023) uncollected.^[94]

Michigan took control of Detroit's government after the city faced a $327 million deficit and over $14 billion in debt.^[95] Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in March 2013, and the city was relying on bond money to stay afloat, with unpaid days off for workers. Underfunded services and failed turnaround efforts led to the appointment of an emergency manager.^[96] In June 2013, Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion in debt, and on July 18, it became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy.^[97]^[98]^[99] Detroit exited bankruptcy in December 2014, cutting $7 billion in debt and investing $1.7 billion in services.^[100] The Detroit Institute of Arts, holding over 60,000 artworks worth billions, became a private organization to help fund the city's recovery after legal battles.^[101]

Post-bankruptcy, efforts to improve city services included replacing non-functional street lights with 65,000 LED lights, making Detroit the largest U.S. city with all LED street lighting by 2016.^[102] Neighborhood revitalization continued, with volunteer renovation projects and urban gardening movements.^[103] In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened, with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.

One symbol of the city's decades-long decline, the

condominiums, hotels, offices, or for cultural uses. Detroit was mentioned as a city of renaissance and has reversed many of the trends of the prior decades.^[106]^[107]

The city has seen a rise in gentrification in some neighborhoods.^[108] In downtown, for example, the construction of Little Caesars Arena brought with it high class shops and restaurants along Woodward Avenue. Office tower and condominium construction has led to an influx of wealthy families but also a displacement of long-time residents and culture.^[109]^[110] Areas outside of downtown and other recently revived areas have an average household income of about 25% less than the gentrified areas, a gap that is continuing to grow.^[111]

Geography

Metropolitan area

Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090 within an area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km²) according to the

Combined Statistical Area (population of 5.3 million within 5,814 square miles [15,060 km²] as of 2010).^[112]^[113]^[114]

Topography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.87 square miles (370.03 km²), of which 138.75 square miles (359.36 km²) is land and 4.12 square miles (10.67 km²) is water.^[115] Detroit is the principal city in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan. It is situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.^[116]

The

wildlife preserve in North America and is uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and western Lake Erie shoreline.^[117]

The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor are located, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point.^[118] The highest elevation in the city is directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m).^[119] Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).^[120]

Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor, Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. Both the Detroit and Windsor skylines can be viewed at the island's Sunset Point.^[121]

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true north–south roads based on the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–U.S. border in which one travels south to cross into Canada.^[122]

Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.^[123]^[124]

Cityscape

Skyline of Detroit from Windsor, Ontario in 2014. Notable buildings include the Renaissance Center, Ally Detroit Center and Penobscot Building.

Architecture

Woodward Avenue

between Grand Circus Park and Campus Martius Park downtown

Detroit's waterfront showcases a variety of architectural styles, with the postmodern Neo-Gothic spires of Ally Detroit Center paying homage to the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, these buildings form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in New Center. Prominent cultural landmarks from the early 20th century include the Fox Theatre, Detroit Opera House, and Detroit Institute of Arts.^[125]^[126]

While Downtown Detroit and New Center feature high-rise buildings, much of Detroit consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Residential high-rises are concentrated in upscale neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront, extending toward Grosse Pointe, and Palmer Park. The University Commons-Palmer Park district anchors historic areas including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District near the University of Detroit Mercy.^[127]

42 significant structures in the city are

Boston-Edison contain larger, more ornate homes and mansions.^[128] Multi-million dollar restorations and new developments have revitalized neighborhoods such as West Canfield and Brush Park.^[82]^[129]

The city has one of the United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.

city's theater district, Ford Field, Comerica Park, and Little Caesars Arena.^[125]^[130]^[131]

Neighborhoods

The Cass Park Historic District in Midtown Detroit

New Center

Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown,

CNNMoney editors.^[133]

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.^[134] Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.^[135] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.^[136]

The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.[132] A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.^[132]^[137]^[138] The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140]

To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,^[141] but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including Hantz Woodlands, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.^[142]^[143]

Public funding and private investment have been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300 million (~$417 million in 2023) stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.^[142] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn.^[142] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.^[144]^[145] Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan.^[146] In 2011, Mayor Dave Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.^[147]

Parks

Belle Isle and Grand Circus park

Detroit Parks & Recreation maintains 308 public parks, totaling 4,950 (2,003 ha) acres or about 5.6% of the city's land area. Belle Isle Park, Detroit's largest and most visited park is the largest city-owned island park in the U.S., covering 982 acres (397 ha).

Grand Circus, the city's first municipal park, opened in 1847. In the early 20th century, the city enlisted landscape architect Augustus Woodward to conceive a framework for Detroit's modern parks system. Augustus Woodward's plan for the city imagined grand boulevards, spacious and elegant common parks, and an orderly, hub-and-spoke city layout.^[148]

The

Chene Park, contributing to the city's green space and outdoor recreation.^[150]

The

Clinton River

forming a partial ring around the Detroit metro area.

Climate

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a hot-summer

July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 through April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.^[155]

Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011.

Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.^[156]

Climate data for Detroit ( DTW), 1991–2020 normals,^[a] extremes 1874–present^[b]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19)	73 (23)	86 (30)	89 (32)	95 (35)	104 (40)	105 (41)	104 (40)	100 (38)	92 (33)	81 (27)	69 (21)	105 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	53.0 (11.7)	55.3 (12.9)	69.3 (20.7)	79.6 (26.4)	87.2 (30.7)	92.6 (33.7)	93.8 (34.3)	92.1 (33.4)	89.3 (31.8)	80.6 (27.0)	66.7 (19.3)	56.1 (13.4)	95.4 (35.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	32.3 (0.2)	35.2 (1.8)	45.9 (7.7)	58.7 (14.8)	70.3 (21.3)	79.7 (26.5)	83.7 (28.7)	81.4 (27.4)	74.4 (23.6)	62.0 (16.7)	48.6 (9.2)	37.2 (2.9)	59.1 (15.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	25.8 (−3.4)	28.0 (−2.2)	37.2 (2.9)	48.9 (9.4)	60.3 (15.7)	69.9 (21.1)	74.1 (23.4)	72.3 (22.4)	64.9 (18.3)	53.0 (11.7)	41.2 (5.1)	31.3 (−0.4)	50.6 (10.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	19.2 (−7.1)	20.8 (−6.2)	28.6 (−1.9)	39.1 (3.9)	50.2 (10.1)	60.2 (15.7)	64.4 (18.0)	63.2 (17.3)	55.5 (13.1)	44.0 (6.7)	33.9 (1.1)	25.3 (−3.7)	42.0 (5.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	0.1 (−17.7)	3.5 (−15.8)	12.0 (−11.1)	25.5 (−3.6)	36.3 (2.4)	47.3 (8.5)	54.1 (12.3)	53.4 (11.9)	41.6 (5.3)	31.0 (−0.6)	19.8 (−6.8)	8.8 (−12.9)	−3.7 (−19.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−21 (−29)	−20 (−29)	−4 (−20)	8 (−13)	25 (−4)	36 (2)	42 (6)	38 (3)	29 (−2)	17 (−8)	0 (−18)	−11 (−24)	−21 (−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.23 (57)	2.08 (53)	2.43 (62)	3.26 (83)	3.72 (94)	3.26 (83)	3.51 (89)	3.26 (83)	3.22 (82)	2.53 (64)	2.57 (65)	2.25 (57)	34.32 (872)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	14.0 (36)	12.5 (32)	6.2 (16)	1.5 (3.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.9 (4.8)	8.9 (23)	45.0 (114)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	7.1 (18)	6.6 (17)	4.4 (11)	0.8 (2.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.1 (2.8)	4.3 (11)	10.0 (25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	13.4	11.0	11.1	12.5	12.9	10.7	10.5	9.7	9.5	10.6	11.0	13.1	136.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	10.7	9.2	5.3	1.5	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	2.6	8.0	37.6
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	72.5	70.0	66.0	65.3	67.3	68.5	71.5	73.4	71.6	74.6	76.7	71.0
Average dew point °F (°C)	16.2 (−8.8)	17.6 (−8.0)	25.9 (−3.4)	35.1 (1.7)	45.7 (7.6)	55.6 (13.1)	60.4 (15.8)	59.7 (15.4)	53.2 (11.8)	41.4 (5.2)	32.4 (0.2)	21.9 (−5.6)	38.7 (3.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	119.9	138.3	184.9	217.0	275.9	301.8	317.0	283.5	227.6	176.0	106.3	87.7	2,435.9
Percentage possible sunshine	41	47	50	54	61	66	69	66	61	51	36	31	55
Average ultraviolet index	1.2	2.0	3.6	5.4	6.9	8.0	8.2	7.1	5.3	3.1	1.6	1.1	4.4
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)^[155]^[157]^[158]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)^[159]

See or edit raw graph data.

Climate data for Detroit
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean No. of days with Maximum temperature => 90.0 °F (32.2 °C)	0	0	0	0	1	3	5	3	1	0	0	0	13
Mean No. of days with Minimum temperature => 68.0 °F (20.0 °C)	0	0	0	0	1	5	10	8	2	0	0	0	25
Mean No. of days with Minimum temperature <= 32.0 °F (0.0 °C)	27	25	21	6	0	0	0	0	0	2	14	24	120
Mean No. of days with Maximum temperature <= 32.0 °F (0.0 °C)	16	12	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	42
Mean No. of days with snow depth => 0.1 in (0.25 cm)	17	14	6	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	8	48
Average sea temperature °F (°C)	33.6 (0.9)	32.7 (0.4)	33.4 (0.8)	39.7 (4.3)	48.9 (9.4)	63.9 (17.7)	74.7 (23.7)	75.4 (24.1)	70.5 (21.4)	60.3 (15.7)	48.6 (9.2)	38.1 (3.4)	51.7 (10.9)
Mean daily daylight hours	9.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	14.0	12.0	11.0	10.0	9.0	12.2
Average Ultraviolet index	1	2	4	6	7	8	9	8	6	4	2	1	4.8
Source 1: NWS (1991–2020)^[160]
Source 2 : Weather Atlas (daylight-UV-water temperature)^[161]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1820	1,422		—
1830	2,222		56.3%
1840	9,102		309.6%
1850	21,019		130.9%
1860	45,619		117.0%
1870	79,577		74.4%
1880	116,340		46.2%
1890	205,876		77.0%
1900	285,704		38.8%
1910	465,766		63.0%
1920	993,678		113.3%
1930	1,568,662		57.9%
1940	1,623,452		3.5%
1950	1,849,568		13.9%
1960	1,670,144		−9.7%
1970	1,511,482		−9.5%
1980	1,203,368		−20.4%
1990	1,027,974		−14.6%
2000	951,270		−7.5%
2010	713,777		−25.0%
2020	639,111		−10.5%
2024 (est.)	645,705	^[4]	1.0%
U.S. Decennial Census^[162] 2010–2020^[9]

In the

shrinking cities in the US, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in the population of the past 70 years (down 1,210,457) and the second-largest percentage decline (down 65.4%). In 1950, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the US behind New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the 2000 and 2010 census.^[164]

Detroit's 639,111 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile (1,986.2 people/km²). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6 units/km²). Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.36.

There was a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

Religion

According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 49% professing adherence to

Roman Catholic beliefs,^[165]^[166] while 24% claim no religious affiliation

. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.

Income and employment

The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.[167] From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.^{[citation needed]} As of 2010^[update], the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country".^[168]

In the 2018 American Community Survey, median household income in the city was $31,283, compared with the median for Michigan of $56,697.^[169] The median income for a family was $36,842, well below the state median of $72,036.^[170] 33.4% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 47.3% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.^[171]

Median income in Detroit (as of July 1, 2019)^[172]
Area	Number of house- holds	Median House- hold Income	Per Capita Income	Percent- age in poverty
Detroit City	263,688	$30,894 ()	$18,621 ()	35.0% ()
Wayne County, MI	682,282	$47,301	$27,282	19.8%
United States	120,756,048	$62,843	$34,103	11.4%

Race and ethnicity

Historical Racial Composition	2020^[173]	2010^[174]	1990^[57]	1970^[57]	1950^[57]	1940^[57]	1930^[57]	1920^[57]	1910^[57]
White	14.7%	10.6%	21.6%	55.5%	83.6%	90.7%	92.2%	95.8%	98.7%
—Non-Hispanic	10.1%	7.8%	20.7%	54.0%^[c]	—	90.4%	—	—	—
Black or African American	77.7%	82.7%	75.7%	43.7%	16.2%	9.2%	7.7%	4.1%	1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	8.0%	6.8%	2.8%	1.8%^[c]	—	0.3%	—	—	—
Asian	1.6%	1.1%	0.8%	0.3%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	—

**Detroit, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 1960^[175]	Pop 1970^[176]	Pop 1980^[177]	Pop 1990^[178]	Pop 2000^[179]	Pop 2010^[180]	Pop 2020^[181]	% 1960	% 1970	% 1980	% 1990	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	1,182,970	838,877	402,077	212,278	99,921	55,604	60,770	70.83%	55.50%	33.41%	20.65%	10.50%	7.79%	10.10%
Black or African American alone (NH)	482,223	660,428	754,274	774,529	771,966	586,573	493,212	28.87%	43.69%	62.68%	75.35%	81.15%	82.18%	77.17%
Alaska Native alone (NH)	N/A	N/A	3,420	3,305	2,572	1,927	1,399	N/A	N/A	0.28%	0.32%	0.27%	0.27%	0.22%
Asian alone (NH)	4,206	7,392	6,353	8,085	9,135	7,436	10,085	0.25%	0.49%	0.53%	0.79%	0.96%	1.04%	1.58%
Native Hawaiian alone (NH)	N/A	N/A	268	N/A	169	82	111	N/A	N/A	0.02%	N/A	0.02%	0.01%	0.02%
Other race alone (NH)	745	4,785	8,006	1,304	1,676	994	3,066	0.04%	0.32%	0.67%	0.13%	0.18%	0.14%	0.48%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	18,664	12,482	19,199	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.96%	1.75%	3.00%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	N/A	N/A	28,970	28,473	47,167	48,679	51,269	N/A	N/A	2.41%	2.77%	4.96%	6.82%	8.02%
Total	1,670,144	1,511,482	1,203,368	1,027,974	951,270	713,777	639,111	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

Beginning with the rise of the automobile industry, Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century as an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian), and Southern migrants brought their families to the city.^[182] With this economic boom following World War I, the African American population grew from a mere 6,000 in 1910^[183] to more than 120,000 by 1930.^[184] Perhaps one of the most overt examples of neighborhood discrimination occurred in 1925 when African American physician Ossian Sweet found his home surrounded by an angry mob of his hostile white neighbors violently protesting his new move into a traditionally white neighborhood. Sweet and ten of his family members and friends were put on trial for murder as one of the mob members throwing rocks at the newly purchased house was shot and killed by someone firing out of a second-floor window.^[185]

Detroit has a relatively large Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century, thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the

Mexican American population was 35,273 comprising over 75% of the Latino population with Puerto Ricans as the next largest group at 5,887.^[188]

Greektown Historic District

in Detroit

After World War II, many people from

West Vernor area,^[190] where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.^[191]^[192]

While African Americans in 2020 comprised 13.5% of Michigan's population, they made up nearly 77.2% of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were non-Hispanic whites, at 10.1%, and Hispanics, at 8.0%.[181] In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area.^[193] According to the 2010 census, segregation in Detroit decreased in absolute and relative terms and in the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in the metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.^[194]^[195] The number of integrated neighborhoods increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. After being ranked the most segregated metropolitan area in the United States in 2000, Detroit was ranked fourth most-segregated in 2010.^[196] A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated.

There are four areas of Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has a large population of Hmong^[197] with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. The area north of downtown has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities.^[198]^[199]

Crime

Detroit
Crime rates* (2019)
Violent crimes
Larceny-theft	2,235.5
Motor vehicle theft	1,037.0
Total property crime	4,299.7
Notes Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. Source*: FBI 2019 UCR data

Detroit has gained notoriety for its high amount of crime, having struggled with it for decades. The number of homicides in 1974 was 714.^[200]^[201] The homicide rate in 2022 was the third highest in the nation at 50.0 per 100,000.^[202] Downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.^[203] According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,^[204] with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.^[167]

Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,^[205] violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.^[206] The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. "Neighborhoodscout.com" reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).^[207] In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.^[208]

Areas of the city adjacent to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the United States Border Patrol.^[209]

Economy

Top city employers as of 2014
Source:
*Crain's Detroit Business*^[210]
Rank	Company or organization	#
1	Detroit Medical Center	11,497
2	City of Detroit	9,591
3	Rocket Mortgage	9,192
4	Henry Ford Health System	8,807
5	Detroit Public Schools	6,586
6	U.S. Government	6,308
7	Wayne State University	6,023
8	Chrysler	5,426
9	Blue Cross Blue Shield	5,415
10	General Motors	4,327

Several major corporations are based in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include

Lowe Campbell Ewald, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, and Rossetti Architects

.

About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.

PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and Ernst & Young. Ford Motor Company is in the adjacent city of Dearborn.^[213]

Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer

Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that is part of the Wayne State University system.^[214] Like downtown, Corktown Is experiencing growth with the new Ford Corktown Campus under development.^[215]^[216]

Many downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs into the downtown core.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.^[218] In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.^[219]

In April 2014, the United States Department of Labor reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.^[220]

The city of Detroit and other public–private partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city has cleared sections of land while retaining some historically significant vacant buildings to spur redevelopment;^[221] even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.^[142] Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.^[82] In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.^[222]

Construction progress at Hudson's Detroit, slated to be the second-tallest building in Detroit.

Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.

Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.^[225]^[82]

Downtown's population of young professionals is growing, and retail is expanding.[226]^[227] A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),^[211]^[226]^[228] a trend which has hastened over the last decade. Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of which has come in 2013 and 2014.^[229] Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. As of 2014, the number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.^[230]

In 2013 Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit;^[231] this was a $20 million, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72 million shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.^[232] In 2015 Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.^[233] In 2019 JPMorgan Chase announced plans to invest $50 million more in affordable housing, job training, and entrepreneurship by the end of 2022, growing its investment to $200 million.^[234]

Arts and culture

In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.^[226] This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.^[211]^[226]^[228]

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Ferndale and Royal Oak.^[235] The proximity to Windsor provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.^[236] A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.^[237] About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city.^[238]

Nicknames

Known as the world's automotive center,^[239] "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry.^[240] It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown.^[241] Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;^[242] The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the Detroit Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).^[d]^[243]

Music

Motown Records

Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname "Motown".^[244] The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by Live Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. The theater venue circuit is the United States' second largest and hosts Broadway performances.^[245]^[246]

The city has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to many genres over the decades.^[243] Important music events include the Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.^[243]

In the 1940s,

Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians, migrated from his home in Mississippi, bringing the Delta blues to Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.^[45] Prominent emerging jazz musicians included trumpeter Donald Byrd (who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career) and saxophonist Pepper Adams (who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums). The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.^[247]

Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s were

Nolan Strong, Andre Williams, and Nathaniel Mayer—who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label, a family-operated label on Third Avenue, was owned by the husband-and-wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune—which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s—laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.^[248]

the Monitors, the Velvelettes, and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists^[249] the Andantes and the Funk Brothers

.

"The Motown sound" played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American–owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown label.^[243]

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s, including the

the Necros, the Meatmen, and Negative Approach.^[248]

In the 1990s and 2000s, the city produced many influential

Hart Plaza

.

Performing arts

Major theaters in Detroit include the

Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats), which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.^[243]

Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m²) produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.^[251]

Tourism

Detroit is home to the world's first destination marketing organization, the Detroit Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau, also known as Visit Detroit.^[252]^[253] Founded in 1896, the organization now operates at 211 West Fort Street as Visit Detroit.^[254]

Because of its unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century, Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years. The New York Times listed Detroit as the ninth-best destination in its list of 52 Places to Go in 2017,^[255] while travel guide publisher Lonely Planet named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.^[256] Time named Detroit as one of the 50 World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.^[257]

Many of the area's prominent museums are in the historic

Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum, the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit, the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit, and the Belle Isle Conservatory

.

In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m²) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at

Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.^[125]

Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.^[259] On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop there.^[260] The annual Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.^[261]

Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.^[262] River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.^[238]^[243]^[263]

An important civic sculpture is The Spirit of Detroit by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit, and the statue is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.^[264] A memorial to Joe Louis is located at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fist suspended by a pyramidal framework.

Sports

Top: Comerica Park, home of the American League Detroit Tigers; middle: Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions; bottom: Little Caesars Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings and the Detroit Pistons

Detroit is one of four U.S. cities that have venues within the city representing the four major sports in North America. Detroit is the only city to have its four major sports teams play within its downtown district.^[265] Detroit is also the only city that has a team in all "Big Four" leagues, but lacks an MLS team. Venues include: Comerica Park (home of MLB's Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Little Caesars Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons).

Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. The Tigers have won four World Series titles (1935, 1945, 1968, and 1984). The Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (1935–36, 1936–37, 1942–43, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2007–08) (the most by an American NHL franchise).^[266] The Lions have won 4 NFL titles (1935, 1952, 1953, 1957). The Pistons have won three NBA titles (1989, 1990, 2004).^[243] In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month period (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).^[242]

Founded in 2012 as a semi-professional soccer club, Detroit City FC now plays professional soccer in the USL Championship. Nicknamed, Le Rouge, the club are two-time champions of NISA since joining in 2020. They play their home matches in Keyworth Stadium, which is located in the enclave of Hamtramck.^[267]

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference (MAC) has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field since 2004 and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has an NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football GameAbove Sports Bowl (formerly, Quick Lane Bowl) is held at Ford Field each December.

The city hosted the 2005

Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.^[268] From 1982 to 1988, Detroit held the Detroit Grand Prix, at the Detroit street circuit

.

In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games, with seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1972 summer games.^[243]

In 2024, Detroit hosted the NFL draft. Over 775,000 people were present in downtown Detroit over the course of the three-day event, making it the highest attended draft on record.^[269]

Government

The city is governed pursuant to the home rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The government is run by a mayor, the nine-member Detroit City Council, the eleven-member Board of Police Commissioners, and a clerk. All of these officers are elected on a nonpartisan ballot, with the exception of four of the police commissioners, who are appointed by the mayor. Detroit has a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets, but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.^[270]^[271] The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.

Presently three Community Advisory Councils advise City Council representatives. Residents of each of Detroit's seven districts have the option of electing Community Advisory Councils.^[272] The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.^[271] Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.^[273]

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown. The Circuit Court is across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.^[274]^[275]

Politics

Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.^[276] Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.^[277]

In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the

United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.^[278] In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.^[279] In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor^[280] for a $12 million (~$14.9 million in 2023) kickback scheme.^[281]^[282] However, law professor Peter Henning argues Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with Chicago.^[283]

Detroit is sometimes referred to as a sanctuary city because it has "anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime".^[284] The city in recent years has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party, with around 90% of votes in the city going to incumbent vice president, Kamala Harris, the Democratic candidate in the 2024 Presidential election.^[285]

Education

Colleges and universities

College of Business Administration, University of Detroit Mercy

Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning, including

Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus at the Detroit Medical Center

.

Primary and secondary schools

As of 2016 [update] many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools, with some children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. There is a concentration of senior high schools and

charter schools in the downtown area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have 1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools, respectively.^[286] As of 2016 because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.^[286]

With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the

Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.^[287]^[288] As of 2009 there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.^[289] As of 2016 DPS continues to have the majority of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016, attend public schools in other municipalities.^[286]

With growing charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of population, the city planned to close many public schools.[287] State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.^[290]^[291] Traditional public and charter school students in the city have performed poorly on standardized tests. c. 2009 and 2011, while Detroit traditional public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter schools did even worse than the traditional public schools.^[292]^[293] As of 2016^[update] there were 30,000 excess openings in Detroit traditional public and charter schools, bearing in mind the number of K-12-aged children in the city. In 2016, Kate Zernike of The New York Times stated school performance did not improve despite the proliferation of charters, describing the situation as "lots of choice, with no good choice".^[286]

Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.^[294] Nearly half of Detroit's adults are functionally illiterate.^[295]

Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013^[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.^[296] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.^[297]^[298] Of the three Catholic high schools, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.^[299]^[300]

Media

Offices of the *Detroit Free Press* and *Detroit News*

The

joint operating agreement called the Detroit Media Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.^[301] In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days per week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.^[302] The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.^[303]

Founded in 1935 and based in Detroit, the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America, covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.^[304] The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;^[305] according to estimates that do not include audiences in large areas of Ontario (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.^[305]
Detroit has the 11th largest
radio market in the United States,^[306] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.^[306] Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's CKLW (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.^[307]

Infrastructure

The Detroit Public Library in 2018

Health systems

There are over a dozen major hospitals, which include the
Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the city.^[308] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States and the fourth largest medical school overall.^[308]

Harper Hospital and Hutzel Women's Hospital

DMC formally became a part of
University of Michigan Medical Center
.
In 2011, DMC and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.
Cardinal Health, Inc.^[312]^[313] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).^[314]^[315] As many as 500 researchers and staff will work out of the IBio Center.^[316]

Transportation

Main article:
streetcar at Campus Martius station

With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.^[317]

In 2015 Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced Canada agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion and is expected to open in 2024.^[318] "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border", Raitt said issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. ^[319]

Transit systems

Bricktown
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. The Detroit Department of Transportation provides service within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST service. FAST is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot, Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.^[320]

An elevated rail system known as the
QLINE serves as a link between the People Mover and the Amtrak station via Woodward Avenue.^[321] The Ann Arbor–Detroit Regional Rail line will extend from New Center, connecting to Ann Arbor via Dearborn, Wayne, and Ypsilanti when it is opened.^[322]

The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a limited-stop, cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.^[323]

Amtrak Wolverine at Detroit station

Midwest
.

Car ownership

The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 24.7% of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the national average of 8.7%. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[324]

Freight railroads

Freight railroad operations in the city of Detroit are provided by
Conrail Shared Assets, CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway, each of which have local yards within the city. Detroit is also served by the Delray Connecting Railroad and Detroit Connecting Railroad shortlines.^[325]

Airports

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is located in nearby Romulus
.

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is in nearby Romulus. DTW is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines (following its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines. The airport is connected to Downtown Detroit by the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) FAST Michigan route.^[326]

Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation.^[327] Willow Run Airport, in western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.^[328]

Freeways

Main article: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit

Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via I-75 and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.^[329]
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.^[329]
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.^[329]

Floating post office

J.W. Westcott II
on the Detroit River in front of the Ambassador Bridge

Detroit has a floating post office, the J. W. Westcott II, which serves lake freighters along the Detroit River. Its ZIP Code is 48222.^[330] The ZIP Code is used exclusively for the J. W. Westcott II, which makes it the only floating ZIP Code in the United States. It has a land-based office at 12 24th Street, just south of the Ambassador Bridge. The J.W. Westcott Company was established in 1874 by Captain John Ward Westcott as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions,^[331] and the J. W. Westcott II vessel began service in 1949 and is still in operation today.^[332]

Notable people

Sister cities

Detroit's sister cities include the following:^[333]

Chongqing, China
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Huế, Vietnam
Kitwe, Zambia
Minsk, Belarus
Nassau
, Bahamas
Toyota, Japan^[334]
Turin, Italy^[335]

Notes

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
Detroit City Airport from February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx
.

^ ^a ^b From 15% sample

^ Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002)

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^ "Bold Transformation Of Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News Lead Nation And Industry With Expanded Digital Offerings; Launch Of New Magazine; Colorful, Easy-To-Use Newsstand Editions". Detroitmedia.com. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

^ "Metro Times". Metro Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

^ "Michigan Chronicle". Michronicleonline.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

^ ^a ^b Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Nielson Company

^ ^a ^b "Market Ranks and Schedule". Arbitron.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.

^ Ltd, TheGridNet. "About Detroit". The Detroit Grid. Retrieved July 23, 2022.

^ ^a ^b "Organization History and Profile". Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2006. Wayne State University Retrieved January 24, 2011.

^ ^a ^b ^c Lane, Amy (June 11, 2010). "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

^ Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).$1.5 billion for new DMC. Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.

^ Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.

^ "Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development". HuffPost. May 30, 2012.

^ King, R. J. (October 2, 2014). "Block By Block". dbusiness.

^ Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).WSU to build $93M biotech hub. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.

^ "Wayne State University IBio – The Integrative Biosciences Center". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.

^ "Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building". Media.wayne.edu. July 2, 2020.

^ Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary Archived November 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine (May 11, 2005). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.

^ "Welcome". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

^ "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News. February 18, 2015.

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^ Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.

^ Lawrence, Eric D. (September 19, 2016). "New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall". Detroit Free Press.

^ Maciag, Mike (December 9, 2014). "Vehicle Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024.

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^ "Twinnings and Agreements". Comune.torino.it. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

Further reading

Arnaud, Michel (2017). Detroit: the dream is now: the design, art, and resurgence of an American city. Abrams.

Babson, Steve (1984). Working Detroit. Adama Books.

Bak, Richard (2001). Detroit Across Three Centuries. Thomson Gale.
ISBN 1-58536-001-5
.

Barrow, Heather B. Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.

Bates, Beth Tompkins. The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

Bergmann, Luke (September 8, 2010). Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City.
ISBN 978-0-472-03436-9
.

Berman, Lila Corwin (2016). Metropolitan Jews : politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit. University of Chicago Press.

Bjorn, Lars; Jim Gallert (2001). Before Motown: a history of Jazz in Detroit. University of Michigan Press.

Boland, S. R.; Marilyn Bond (2002). The birth of Detroit sound. Arcadia.

Borden, Ernest H. (2003). Detroit's Paradise Valley. Arcadia.

Bolkosky, Sidney M (1991). Harmony & dissonance: voices of Jewish identity in Detroit. Wayne State University Press.

Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710. Detroit Society for Genealogical Research.
ISBN 0-943112-21-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help
)

Burton, Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton Abstracts.
OCLC 926958
.

Cangany, Catherine (2014). Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Catlin, George B. (1923). The Story of Detroit. The Detroit News Association.

Chafets, Zeʼev (1990). Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit. Random House.

Clemens, Paul (2005). Made in Detroit: a south of 8 Mile memoir. Doubleday.

Dunnigan, Brian Leigh (2001). Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838. Great Lakes Books.
ISBN 0-8143-2767-2
.

Farley, Reynolds; et al. (2002). Detroit Divided. Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
ISBN 0-87154-281-1
.

Foley, Aaron (2017). The Detroit neighborhood guidebook. Belt Publishing.

Foley, Aaron (2015). How to live in Detroit without being a Jackass. Belt Publishing.

Farmer, Silas. (1884) (July 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County, in various formats at Open Library.

Farmer, Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998).
ISBN 1-55888-991-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help
)

Gallagher, John (2010). Reimagining Detroit: opportunities for redefining an American city. Wayne State University Press.

Galster, George. (2012). Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City University of Pennsylvania Press

Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition. Detroit Free Press.
ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8
.

Godzak, Roman (2004). Catholic Churches of Detroit. Arcadia.

Goldstein, Laurence, ed. (1986). "Detroit: An American City". Special Issue of Michigan Quarterly Review. Spring 1986. Arcadia.

Hartigan, John (1999). Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. Princeton University Press.

Hill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press.
ISBN 0-8143-3120-3
.

Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 408 for list.

Ibbotson, Patricia (2007). Detroit's historic hotels and restaurants. Arcadia.

Jarvis, Donna (2008). Detroit Police Department. Arcadia.

LeDuff, Charlie (2014). Detroit: An American Autopsy. Penguin Books.

Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995). The most dangerous man in Detroit. Basic Books.

Locke, Hubert G. (1969). The Detroit Riot of 1967. Wayne State University Press.

Maraniss, David (2015). Once in a great city: A Detroit story. Simon & Schuster.

Martelle, Scott (2012). Detroit (a biography). Chicago Review Press.

Morrison, Jeff (2019). Guardians of Detroit: Architectural Sculpture in the Motor City. Wayne State University Press.

Philp, Drew (2017). A $500 house in Detroit: rebuilding an abandoned home and an American city. Scribner.

Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting. Wayne State University.
ISBN 0-8143-2870-9
.

Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing.
ISBN 0-7385-2435-2
.

Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown. Random House.

Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City", Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).

ISBN 0-8143-3270-6
.

Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan.
ISBN 0-933691-09-2
.

Stahl, Kenneth (2009). Detroit's Great Rebellion. Kenneth Stahl.
ISBN 978-0-9799157-0-3
.

Taylor, Paul (2013). "Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War. Wayne State University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8143-3603-8
.

Vergara, Camilo José (2016). Detroit Is No Dry Bones: The Eternal City of the Industrial Age. University of Michigan Press.

Whitall, Susan (1998). Women of Motown. Avon.

Widick, J.J. (1972). Detroit: City of race and class violence. Wayne State University Press.

Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press.
ISBN 0-8143-2914-4
.

Primary sources

Moon, Elaine Latzman (1994). Untold tales, unsung heroes: an oral history of Detroit's African American community, 1918-1967, online.

External links

Detroit at Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage

Official website

Detroit Regional Chamber

Geographic data related to Detroit at OpenStreetMap

Labor, Urban Affairs and Detroit History archival collections at the Walter P. Reuther Library

Virtual Motor City Collection at Wayne State University Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890 to 1980

"In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy". The New York Times. March 26, 2018.

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detroit&oldid=1296064348"

This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Detroit. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy

[157] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[158] Detroit City Airport from February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx
.

[fifteen-177] From 15% sample

[246] Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002)

[GNIS-1] "Detroit". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 27, 2009..

[CenPopGazetteer2020-2] "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.

[USCensusEst2021-3] "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2021". United States Census Bureau. May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

[USCensusEst2023-4] "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023". United States Census Bureau. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.

[urban_area-5] "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

[2020Pop-6] "2020 Population and Housing State Data". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

[7] "Total Gross Domestic Product for Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.

[8] "Detroit – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. April 25, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[QuickFacts-9] "QuickFacts: Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

[10] "Michigan – Cultural life". Britannica. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

[11] Clark, Anna (May 18, 2015). "An insider's cultural guide to Detroit: The Motor City moves on". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

[auto-12] Nolan, Jenny (June 15, 1999).How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town Archived July 9, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

[13] "Detroit bankruptcy officially over, finances handed back to the city". WXYZ. December 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.

[14] Afana, Dana. "Detroit population grows for 2nd straight year after periods of decline, Census data shows". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 15, 2025.

[15] "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area | FRED | St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved July 5, 2024.

[16] Livengood, Chad (March 3, 2019). "Commentary: A MEGA bargain for Michigan's future". Crain's Detroit Business. Detroit. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2020.

[17] Emmott, Robin (April 19, 2007). "Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing". Reuters.

[18] "Travel USA Visitor Profile". Michigan Economic Development Corporation Box. Longwoods International. Retrieved July 20, 2022.

[19] Hadley Keller (December 16, 2015). "Detroit Named First American City of Design by UNESCO". Architectural Digest.

[20] Rousseau, Mary (October 16, 2018). "How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?". Michigan. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

[21] "Detroit word origin". Etymologeek. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

[RivièreduDétroit-22] "La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié, 1764". Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[23] List of U.S. place names of French origin

[lemke-24] S2CID 129841191
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[teasdale-25] :10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035
.

[:0-26] DeVito, Lee. "How New Red Order and MOCAD could redefine 'land acknowledgment' for Indigenous people". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved June 27, 2021.

[AmHeritageBk-27] William Brandon (1961). Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed.). The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 187–219.
LCCN 61-14871
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[28] ISBN 0814329144
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[Riley-29] ISBN 978-0-7735-4177-1
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[30] Stechschulte, Michael (March 1, 2020). "Pope names Ste. Anne Church a basilica, cementing historic parish's importance to Detroit". Detroit Catholic. Retrieved November 13, 2023.

[31] French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries – Detroit Archived August 24, 2004, at the Wayback Machine. Archives of Ontario July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

[32] Ross, Marc (January 18, 2017). "Why Detroit is Built to Succeed: Looking at Detroit's Past to See Its Future". Diplomatic Courier. Global Affairs Media. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.

[33] "The French & Indian War, Seven Years War Summary". Totally History. September 9, 2011.

[34] Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, Many Roads to Red River (2001), p69

[35] ""History of Detroit: A Chronicle of Its Progress" Page 71, 1912". Mocavo.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[36] "Museum Outreach". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov.

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