Carmina Burana
Carmina Burana (
They were written by students and clergy when Latin was the
The collection was found in 1803 in the
The manuscripts reflect an international European movement, with songs originating from Occitania, France, England, Scotland, Aragon, Castile and the Holy Roman Empire.[2]
Twenty-four poems in Carmina Burana were set to music in 1936 by Carl Orff as Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis. His composition quickly became popular and a staple piece of the classical music repertoire. The opening and closing movement "O Fortuna" has been used in numerous films, becoming one of the most recognizable compositions in popular culture.
Manuscript
Carmina Burana (CB) is a manuscript written in 1230 by two different scribes in an early gothic
History
Older research assumed that the manuscript was written in Benediktbeuern where it was found.[7] Today, however, Carmina Burana scholars have several different ideas about the manuscript's place of origin. It is agreed that the manuscript must be from the region of central Europe where the Bavarian dialect of German is spoken due to the Middle High German phrases in the text—a region that includes parts of southern Germany, western Austria, and northern Italy. It must also be from the southern part of that region because of the Italian peculiarities of the text. The two possible locations of its origin are the bishop's seat of Seckau in Styria and Kloster Neustift near Brixen in South Tyrol.
A bishop named Heinrich was
In support of Kloster Neustift, the text's open-mindedness is characteristic of the reform-minded Augustine
It is less clear how the Carmina Burana traveled to Benediktbeuern.
Themes
Generally, the works contained in the Carmina Burana can be arranged into four groups according to theme:[5]
- 55 songs of morals and mockery (CB 1–55)
- 131 love songs (CB 56–186)
- 40 drinking and gaming songs (CB 187–226)
- two longer spiritual theater pieces (CB 227 and 228)
This outline, however, has many exceptions. CB 122–134, which are categorized as love songs, actually are not: they contain a song for mourning the dead, a satire, and two educational stories about the names of animals. Another group of spiritual poems may have been included in the Carmina Burana and since lost.[14] The attached folio contains a mix of 21 generally spiritual songs: a prose-prayer to Saint Erasmus and four more spiritual plays, some of which have only survived as fragments. These larger thematic groups can also be further subdivided, for example, the end of the world (CB 24–31), songs about the crusades (CB 46–52) or reworkings of writings from antiquity (CB 97–102).
Other frequently recurring themes include: critiques of
The Carmina Burana contains numerous poetic descriptions of a raucous medieval paradise (CB 195–207, 211, 217, 219), for which the ancient Greek philosopher
Authors
Almost nothing is known about the authors of the Carmina Burana. Only a few songs can be ascribed to specific authors, such as those by
The text is mostly an anonymous work, and it appears to have been written by
Rediscovery and history of publication
The manuscript was discovered in the monastery at Benediktbeuern in 1803 by librarian Johann Christoph von Aretin . He transferred it to the Bavarian State Library in Munich where it currently resides (Signatur: clm 4660/4660a).[21][22] Aretin regarded the Codex as his personal reading material, and wrote to a friend that he was glad to have discovered "a collection of poetic and prosaic satire, directed mostly against the papal seat".[23]
The first pieces to be published were Middle-High German texts, which Aretin's colleague Bernhard Joseph Docen published in 1806.[24] Additional pieces were eventually published by Jacob Grimm in 1844.[25] The first collected edition of the Carmina Burana was not published until 1847, almost 40 years after Aretin's discovery.[26] Publisher Johann Andreas Schmeller chose a misleading title for the collection, which created the misconception that the works contained in the Codex Buranas were not from Benediktbeuern.[27] Schmeller attempted to organize the collection into "joking" (Scherz) and "serious" (Ernst) works, but he never fully completed the task. The ordering scheme used today was proposed in 1930 by Alfons Hilka and Otto Schumann in the first critical text edition of the Carmina Burana.[28] The two based their edition on previous work by Munich philologist Wilhelm Meyer, who discovered that some pages of the Codex Buranus had mistakenly been bound into other old books. He also was able to revise illegible portions of the text by comparing them to similar works.[29]
Musical settings
About one-quarter of the poems in the Carmina Burana are accompanied in the manuscript by music using unheighted, staffless
Between 1935 and 1936, German composer
- 1584: A sanitized version of "Tempus adest floridum" was published in the Finnish collection Piae Cantiones. The Piae Cantiones version includes a melody recognizable to modern audiences as the one that is now used for the Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas".[citation needed]
- 1975–1977: The Clemencic Consort records five LPs of songs from Carmina Burana.[citation needed]
- 1983: The album Carmina Burana by Ray Manzarek, keyboard player for The Doors, produced by Philip Glass and Kurt Munkacsi; arrangements by Ray Manzarek. A&M Records.[32]
- 1991: Apotheosis, a techno group from Belgium, produced their first single, "O Fortuna", in 1991, which heavily sampled the classical piece originally composed by Carl Orff. However, the estate of Carl Orff (who died in 1982) took legal action in court to stop the distribution of the records on the grounds of copyright infringement. Judgment was finally accorded to the estate.[33]
- 1997: Japanese composer ]
- 1998: Composer John Paul used a portion of the lyrics of "Fas et nefas ambulant" in the musical score of the video game Gauntlet Legends.[35]
- 2005: German band Corvus Corax recorded Cantus Buranus, a full-length opera, set to the original Carmina Burana manuscript in 2005, and released Cantus Buranus II in 2008
- 2009: The Trans-Siberian Orchestra included the song "Carmina Burana" on their album Night Castle.
Recordings
- 1964, 1967 – Carmina Burana – Studio der frühen Musik, dir. Thomas Binkley (Teldec, 2 CD)
- 1968 – Carmina Burana – Capella Antiqua München, dir. Konrad Ruhland (Christophorus)
- 1974 - Carmina Burana (Orff) - Cleveland Orchestra, dir. Michael Tilson Thomas; Judith Blegen, soprano; Kenneth Riegel, tenor; Peter Binder Baritone (CBS Records Masterworks)
- 1975, 1976, 1978 – Carmina Burana – Clemencic Consort, dir. René Clemencic (Harmonia Mundi, 3 CD)
- 1983 – Carmina Burana; Das Grosse Passionspiel – Das Mittelalter Ensemble der Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, dir. Thomas Binkley (Deutsche Harmonia mundi, 2 CD)
- 1988 – Carmina Burana – Madrigalisti di Genova, dir. Leopoldo Gamberini (Ars Nova, LP)
- 1990 – Carmina Burana; Le Grand Mystère de la Passion – Ensemble Organum, dir. Marcel Pérès (Harmonia Mundi, 2 CD)
- 1992 – Satires, Desires and Excesses; Songs from Carmina Burana – New Orleans Musica da Camera, dir. Milton G. Scheuermann (Centaur)
- 1994 – Carmina Burana – L'Oiseau Lyre, 4 CD released in 1987 (Vol. I), 1988 (Vol. II), 1989 (Vols III & IV))
- 1996 – Carmina Burana; Poetry & Music – Boston Camerata, dir. Joel Cohen (Erato)
- 1997 – Carmina Burana; Medieval Poems and Songs – Ensemble Unicorn, dir. Michael Posch + Ensemble Oni Wytars, dir. Marco Ambrosini (Naxos)
- 1998 – Carmina Burana – Modo Antiquo, dir. Bettina Hoffmann (Paragon-Amadeus 2 CD)
- 2008 – Carmina Burana; Medieval Songs from the Codex Buranus – Clemencic Consort, dir. René Clemencic (Oehms)
See also
- Drinkers Mass
- Ecce gratum, CB 143
- Cantigas d'escarnho e de maldizer
- Medieval poetry
References
Notes
- ^ Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, ed. and translated by Carl Fischer and Hugo Kuhn, dtv, Munich 1991; however, if CB 211 and 211a are counted as two different songs, one obtains the collection consisting of 315 texts, see e.g. Schaller 1983, col.1513
- ^ Carmina Burana, Version originale & Integrale, 2 Volumes (HMU 335, HMU 336), Clemencic Consort, Direction René Clemencic, Harmonia Mundi
- majuscule, large, capital, upper-case. It was used in Roman manuscripts.
- ^ Diemer & Diemer 1987, p. 898.
- ^ a b Schaller 1983, col.1513
- ^ Joachim M. Plotzek, "Carmina Burana", in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 2, Artemis, Munich and Zurich 1983, col. 1513
- ^ Max Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, vol. 3: Vom Ausbruch des Kirchenstreites bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, (= Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, newly ed. by Walter Otto, Abt. IX, Part 2, vol. 3), C. H. Beck, Munich 1931, p. 966. However, O. Schumann had already questioned Benediktbeuern as place of origin in 1930: Carmina Burana ... kritisch herausgegeben von Alfons Hilka und Otto Schumann. II. Band: Kommentar, 1930, Heidelberg, 70*-71*.
- ^ An asterisk (*) indicates that the song is in the added folio.
- ^ Walter Bischoff (ed.), Carmina Burana I/3, Heidelberg 1970, p. XII;
Walther Lipphardt, Zur Herkunft der Carmina Burana, in: Egon Kühebacher (ed.), Literatur und Bildende Kunst im Tiroler Mittelalter, Innsbruck 1982, 209–223. - ^ Georg Steer, "Carmina Burana in Südtirol. Zur Herkunft des clm 4660", in: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 112 (1983), p. 1–37
- ^ Olive Sayce, Plurilingualism in the Carmina Burana. A Study of the Linguistic and Literary Influence on the Codex, Kümmerle, Göttingen 1992
- ^ a b Knapp 1994, pp. 410f
- ^ Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, ed. and transl. by Carl Fischer and Hugo Kuhn, dtv, München 1991, p. 838
- ^ Diemer & Diemer 1987, p. 898; this assumption is doubted at: Burghart Wachinger, "Liebeslieder vom späten 12. bis zum frühen 16. Jahrhundert", in: Walter Haug (ed.), Mittelalter und Frühe Neuzeit. Übergänge, Umbrüche und Neuansätze (= Fortuna vitrea, vol. 16), Tübingen 1999, p. 10f.
- ^ Hermann Unger, De Ovidiana in carminibus Buranis quae dicuntur imitatione, Straßburg 1914
- ^ Knapp 1994, p. 416
From Dum caupona verterem (On turning away from the tavern), verse 17: sternens eam lectulo / fere decem horis / mitigavi rabiem / febrici doloris. (I laid her on the couch, and for about ten hours quietened the madness of my feverish passion), Walsh 1993, p. 58 - ^ Helga Schüppert, Kirchenkritik in der lateinischen Lyrik des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München 1972, p. 185.
- ^ Rainer Nickel : Carmina Burana. In: Wilhelm Höhn und Norbert Zink (eds.): Handbuch für den Lateinunterricht. Sekundarstufe II. Diesterweg, Frankfurt am Main 1979, p. 342, quote translated by Wikipedia contributor
- ^ Christine Kasper, Das Schlaraffenland zieht in die Stadt. Vom Land des Überflusses zum Paradies für Sozialschmarotzer, in: Jahrbuch der Oswald von Wolkenstein-Gesellschaft 7 (1992/93), p. 255–291
- ^ Schaller 1983, col. 1514.
- ^ München, Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4660 Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine im Handschriftencensus
- ^ See also: Franz X. Scheuerer: Zum philologischen Werk J. A. Schmellers und seiner wissenschaftlichen Rezeption. Eine Studie zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik, de Gruyter, Berlin und New York 1995, p. 64
- ^ quoted in Joachim Schickel: "Carmina Burana" in Kindlers Literaturlexikon. Kindler, Zürich 1964, p. 1794.
- ^ Bernhard Joseph Docen: Miszellaneen zur Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, vol. 2, 1807, pp. 189–208
- ^ Jacob Grimm: "Gedichte des Mittelalters auf König Friedrich I. den Staufer und aus seiner so wie der nächstfolgenden Zeit", in: Philologische und historische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre 1843, Berlin 1845, pp. 143–254
- ^ "Carmina Burana: Lateinische und deutsche Lieder und Gedichte einer Handschrift des XIII. Jahrhunderts aus Benedictbeuern auf der k. Bibliothek zu München", ed. by J. A. S. [i. e. Johann Andreas Schmeller], in: Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart XVI, 1, Stuttgart 1847
- ^ Eberhard Brost: "Nachwort". In: Carmina Burana. Lieder der Vaganten, lateinisch und deutsch nach Ludwig Laistner. Lambert Schneider, Heidelberg 1964, p. 200.
- ^ Carmina Burana. Mit Benutzung der Vorarbeiten Wilhelm Meyers kritisch hg. v. Alfons Hilka und Otto Schumann, 2 vols, Heidelberg 1930.
- ^ "Fragmenta Burana", ed. by Wilhelm Meyer, in: Festschrift zur Feier des hundertfünfzigjährigen Bestehens der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, Berlin 1901, pp. 1–190.
- ^ Richard Taruskin, Music from the Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century (vol. 1 of The Oxford History of Western Music), p. 138
- ^ a b "Carmina Burana". In: Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
- ^ Carmina Burana, raymanzarek.com
- ^ "Apotheosis". Discogs. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Tetsuya Nomura (Director) (April 25, 2006). Final Fantasy VII Advent Children Distance: The Making of Advent Children (DVD). Square Enix.
- ^ "Gauntlet Legends – Designer Diary". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13.
Sources
- Diemer, Peter; Diemer, Dorothee (1987). "Die Carmina Burana". In Benedikt Konrad Vollmann (ed.). Carmina Burana. Text und Übersetzung (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.
- Knapp, Fritz Peter (1994). "Die Literatur des Früh- und Hochmittelalters in den Bistümern Passau, Salzburg, Brixen und Trient von den Anfängen bis 1273". In Herbert Zemann (ed.). Geschichte der Literatur in Österreich von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Vol. 1. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
- Schaller, Dieter (1983). "Carmina Burana". Lexikon des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. 2. Munich and Zürich: Artemis.
- Walsh, P. G., ed. (1993). Love Lyrics from the Carmina Burana. ISBN 978-0-807-84400-7.
Further reading
- Franklinos, Tristan E.; Hope, Henry, eds. (2020). Revisiting the Codex Buranus: Contents, Contexts, Composition. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-379-9. Archived from the originalon 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- Lehtonen, Tuomas M. S. (1995). Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Twelfth-century Ethical Poetics and the Satirical Poetry of the Carmina Burana (Ph.D. thesis, ISSN 1238-3503.
External links
- Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Carmina Burana
- Quotations related to Carmina Burana at Wikiquote
- Text of the selections by Orff with translations from Teach Yourself Latin
- Complete orig. text (without translation) from Biblioteca Augustana