Archpoet
Archpoet | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1130 |
Died | c. 1165 |
Pen name | Archipoeta |
Language | Goliard |
Notable works | "Confession" |
The Archpoet (c. 1130 – c. 1165),
Knowledge about him comes essentially from his poems found in manuscripts:[5] his noble birth[6] in an unspecified region of Western Europe,[7][8] his respectable and classical education,[9][10] his association with Archchancellor Rainald of Dassel's court,[11] and his poetic activity linked to it in both content and purpose.[4][12] As such, it has been speculated that the bibulous, extravagant personality emanating from his work could be only serving as a façade despite its apparent autobiographical trend.[13]
Biography
Identity and nickname
His existence has been elaborated upon the authorial superscription "Archipoeta" appearing with the poems now ascribed to him in a small number of manuscripts.
It has been suggested by W. H. T. Jackson[15] and others[16] that his nickname could be a play on his patron Rainald of Dassel's title of Archchancellor (Archicancellarius in Latin), even if its exact origins are ultimately left open to speculation.[17] Moreover, it is not known how he came to earn the nickname or who bestowed it to him: whether as a mark of esteem from the audiences, other poets, Rainald himself; as a satirical jest on his patron's title; or as an ironical mock self-attribution.[citation needed] There has been report of at least two other "clericus vagus", itinerant clerics, bearing the "Archipoeta" pseudonym or title around that time: one Nicholas who briefly resided with the Cistercians at their abbey,[18] and Henry of Avranches (around 1250);[19] yet both are distinct from the "Archipoeta" of Barbarossa's reigning period (1155–1190).
Conjectured life
The Archpoet's living circumstances have been surmised from the indicative content of his poems but mostly from the life of Rainald of Dassel.
Several indications concur as to establish that the Archpoet came from a place north of the
It was probably then that he began working—possibly as a " As is the case with many medieval and/or anonymous authors, very little else can be said with certainty about his life.
Modern critical reassessment
While it is still commonly assumed that the Archpoet was a follower of the
[H]e was in fact a court poet, perhaps also a civil servant or minor diplomat, in the service of the Imperial Chancellor, and so almost certainly a member of the circle around Frederick Barbarossa himself. I am convinced that his leitmotif of the wayward, wretched vagabond-poet who is compelled to beg from his patron and his audience contains far less autobiography than literary craft... The Archpoet's picture of the vagabond-poet (whatever element of literal truth it may have contained) has been drawn for the sophisticated entertainment of that international set of diplomats and legislators, high-born scholars and prelates who surrounded the Emperor, whose lingua franca was Latin, and among whom the Archpoet probably, by his birth and position, moved as an equal.[13]
This view of the Archpoet and his milieu, severely contrasting with that of the previous generations of researchers and writers such as J. A. Symonds and Helen Waddell, created a break in modern High Middle Ages scholarship about the Goliards and, in spite of not creating consensus within the academic community, has since been embraced by many scholars.[28] Summarizing Dronke's view by using English writer Geoffrey Chaucer as an example of differentiation between actual (historical) self and poetic (fictional) persona, Jan Ziolkowski wrote that the Archpoet's shenanigans "may be little more than a stance struck by the poet to entertain his audience; the persona could be as far from the reality as that of Chaucer the character was from Chaucer the poet or man."[29] Dronke further argued that the Archpoet could well have been Hugh Primas's student in Orléans,[nb 1] getting acquainted through him with various rare Classical poets and also with his personal style (themes and techniques).[30]
Works
Overview
The Archpoet is known to us today through ten Latin poems or carmina (plural form of carmen, Latin equivalent of "song" or "chant") found in various manuscripts dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries. Listed here are the poems, identified, as is customary, by their incipit:
|
|
The works of the Archpoet have been found and preserved in the following manuscripts, among others:
- Univ. Bibl. Göttingen Codex philol. 170[31] (12th century): I-VII; first stanza of VIII.
- Brussels Bibliothèque Royale 2071[citation needed] (13th century): IX and X; stanzas 1–5 of VII.
- München Bayer. Staatsbibl. Clm 4660/4660a[32](13th century): X; 4 stanzas of IV.
The Carmina Burana thus contains the 25-stanza "Estuans intrinsecus" (X) under the reference number CB 191[nb 5] as well as 4 stanzas from "Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis" (IV) under CB 220,[nb 6] starting with "Sepe de miseria" in the collection.
Presentation
Despite being quite dissimilar from one another in terms of tone and intent, the ten poems are all "occasional"[12] in the sense that they have been written for a specific purpose under precise circumstances, whether to celebrate an event or respond to a request; in the Archpoet's case, concerning the court of his patron: eight of them are directed to Rainald of Dassel, while the two others are addressed to Frederick Barbarossa himself.[4] For example, the fourth poem, "Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis", was most probably written as a plaintive answer to what he felt was the unreasonable demand from Rainald that he write within one week an epic recounting the Emperor's campaign in Italy.[33]
The Archpoet's poems are known for appearing "intensely personal":[15] he features in almost all of them, and deals in an outspoken manner with intimate subjects such as his material (e.g. poverty, wandering) and spiritual (e.g. distress, anger, love) condition, his flawed and sinful nature, his wishes and aspirations. Many of his poems, whether panegyric or not, amount to very elaborate pleas to obtain food, drink, clothing, and money from his powerful patron.[34] Yet far from falling into mere lyricism or honest confidence, they are often undermined by subtle sarcasm and disguised mockery, fitting with the persona the Archpoet seems to have created for himself as a free-spirited, vagabond hedonist, unrepentant in his propensity to overindulge and unblushing in the judgment of his self-worth.[35] Aside from their recognized technical merits,[36] the poems are imbued with a strong and pervading sense of humor manifested in the consummate use and manipulation of classical and biblical sources for parodic, sarcastic and ironic purposes.[37]
"Confession"
Described as "the prototype of the goliardic songs"[38] as well as "the masterpiece of the [Goliardic] school",[16] the best known poem of the Archpoet is his tenth, "Estuans intrinsecus", commonly called the Goliardic "Confession" (sometimes "Confessio", "Confessio Goliae" or "Confession of Golias"),[39] a metrical composition of ironical tone wherein he confesses his love of women, gambling, and drinking. It is purported to have been written in Pavia around the year 1163 for his patron as a confession and defense of his sins after a rival of the Archpoet witnessed and subsequently reported his reprobate behavior.[40] For example, the oft-cited twelfth stanza[nb 7] goes:
Latin original | English literal translation | English metrical translation |
---|---|---|
Meum est propositum in taberna mori, |
My purpose is to die in a tavern, |
I am resolved to die in a tavern, |
The parodic and satirical effect is mainly produced by the replacement of peccatori ("sinner") by potatori ("drunkard"), a reference to the Scripture: "Deus propitius esto mihi peccatori."(Luke 18:13)[42] The poem relies heavily on ambiguity for its overall effect: on one hand, the narrator poses as a penitent dissolute, while on the other he is not being apologetic at all.[citation needed]
The "Confession" was very famous in the Archpoet's time: compared to his other poems, which are mostly found in only one manuscript, "Estuans intrinsecus" has been copied in more than thirty,[12] and it almost single-handedly accounts for his enduring appeal as the writer of one of the most popular medieval Latin poems.[43]
Interpretation and appraisal
- In her influential study The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages, Helen Waddell laudingly writes of the poem, stating that "Confessio Goliae is something more than the arch-type of a generation of vagabond scholars, or the greatest drinking song in the world: it is the first defiance by the artist of that society which it is his thankless business to amuse: the first cry from the House of the Potter, "Why hast thou made me thus?"."[44]
- Reading the medieval "Confession" with the perspective of a modern cultural critic, philosopher Herbert Marcuse wrote of the Archpoet's artistic posture and keen sense of his particular situation: "Archipoeta is perhaps the first artist with the artist's genuine awareness of himself, who comprehended and openly emphasized that his vagabond life and his opposition to the surrounding world were an artistic necessity... The splendid strophes of his vagabond's confession resonate with the elevated consciousness of the authentic lifestyle of the freelance artist".[45]
In popular culture
- A section of the "Confession" supplies the text for the aria Estuans interius ira vehementi ("Burning with inner rage") that was set to music by Carl Orff in his 1935–1936 Carmina Burana cantata.
- John Myers Myers's 1949 novel Silverlock features Golias, the mythical patron saint of the Goliardic ordo vagorum, as one of the main characters, drawing heavily on the Archpoet's "Confession" for his portrayal.
- An old YouTube) is composed from stanzas 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 18 of the "Confession".[nb 9]
- The Archpoet is a character in Italian writer Umberto Eco's 2000 novel Baudolino.
- Mystics, Spirit, Voices, the YouTube) which contains a fragment of the "Confession".
- The YouTube).[46]
Notes
- ^ a b Various sources (for example, see Lejay 1913: 33) have erroneously taken "Archipoeta" to be an alias or pen name of Hugh of Orléans while in fact there are numerous indications establishing their being two different individuals. Peter Dronke goes even as far as to call the Archpoet Hugh's "brillante discepolo e successore" (Dronke 2007: 137), brilliant disciple and successor.
- ^ Keeping in line with the hypothesis that his nickname or pseudonym was inspired by the titles of his patron, it explains why he is sometimes referred to as the "Archpoet of Cologne"; for example, see Whicher 1949: 102–103 and Curtius 1990: 29.
- ^ The main evidence being his using the word "transmontanos" (meaning "which lives or comes from beyond the mountains" in Latin) in line 14 of poem III, when it is made clear that he is writing from within Italy and thus south of the Alps.
- ^ "Aestuans intrinsecus" is also found as a variant to "Estuans intrinsecus" since medieval manuscripts do not always use the same spelling for the same texts.
- ^ While CB 191 is sometimes presented as having 30 stanzas, the last 5 (often put under CB 191a) are believed not to be the Archpoet's own work. See Wolff 1995: 529.
- ^ As with the other poem, CB 220a (or sometimes CB 221) is believed to be another anonymous author's work. See Wolff 1995: 533. Both the Bibliotheca Augustana's and David Stampe's (reproducing Bischoff's) versions display these poems of contested origin as 191a and 220a.
- ^ There are numerous and significant variants in the different versions of the Latin text depending on the source manuscripts and the editorial choices of scholars, as is often the case with the bulk of medieval literature. The one chosen here is in no way the sole, authoritative form.
- ^ a b Note that both English translations have no official, authoritative sources; they are the free work of anonymous editors, and serve only as illustrations of the Latin original.
- ^ The song has been published in the German Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (152nd edition, 1956, p. 381).
References
- ^ Adcock 1994: xix; Waddell 2000: 295.
- ^ a b Jeep 2001: 21.
- ^ Whicher 1949: 102; Haskins 1971: 179–181; Adcock 1994: ix; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 566.
- ^ a b c Sidwell 2002: 347.
- ^ a b Adcock 1994: xxii; Jeep 2001: 21.
- ^ a b See poem IV, line 70 (CB 220, line 10).
- ^ a b Adcock 1994: xxi–xxii.
- ^ a b Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567.
- ^ a b Haskins 1971: 181; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567; Adcock 1994: xix; Emmerson 2006: 44.
- ^ a b Adcock 1994: xii.
- ^ a b Adcock 1994: xii, xvii.
- ^ a b c Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44.
- ^ a b Dronke 1968: 21–22.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xx.
- ^ a b Jackson 1976: 320.
- ^ a b c Whicher 1949: 102.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xii.
- ^ Waddell 2000: 209.
- ^ Henshaw 1937: 195.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xix.
- ^ Jeep 2001: 22.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xix. See poem X (CB 191), line 27.
- ^ Jeep 2001: 21. See poem IV, lines 69–72 (CB 220, lines 9–12).
- ^ a b Haskins 1971: 181; Adcock 1994: xix.
- ^ Curtius 1990: 29.
- ^ Haskins 1971: 53, 181; Adcock 1994: xix; Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44.
- ^ Waddell 2000: 172; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567.
- ^ See Jackson 1980: 2–3; Adcock 1994: xx; Godwin 2000: 191–192.
- ^ Jeep 2001: 21–22.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xxi–xxii; Dronke 2007: 137.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xxii, 129.
- ^ Dronke 1984: 249.
- ^ Waddell 2000: 167; Sidwell 2002: 347; Whicher 1949: 103.
- ^ Jeep 2001: 21; Whicher 1949: 102–103.
- ^ Adcock 1994: xiii–xv.
- ^ Whicher 1949: 103; Dronke 1980: 22, 39–40; Adcock 1994: xiii, xv.
- ^ Whicher 1949: 102–103; Adcock 1994: xiv; Jeep 2001: 21.
- ^ Scheid 1910: 29.
- ^ Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567; both Symonds and Whicher used this last title in their respective books.
- ^ Fuhrmann 2000: 155.
- ^ Harrington and Pucci 1997: 570.
- ^ Whicher 1949: 103.
- ^ "His 'confession', with its eloquent plea that the poet's inspiration is bound up with his freedom to live freely, to live dangerously, is perhaps the best-known poem in Medieval Latin." (Dronke 1968: 21) See also Morris 2004: 131.
- ^ Waddell 2000: 169.
- ^ Marcuse 2007: 75.
- ^ Artist page on MusicBrainz.org.
Works cited
- ISBN 0-521-39546-1.
- Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3.
- Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". Medieval Latin. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 566–571. ISBN 0-226-31713-7.
- Sidwell, Keith, ed. (2002) [1995]. "Section 20.4: The Archpoet (fl. 1160)". Reading Medieval Latin (Reprint of the 1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–352. ISBN 0-521-44747-X.
Further reading
Texts and translations
- ISBN 0-486-41913-4. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved August 8, 2010. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Watenphul, Heinrich; Krefeld, Heinrich, eds. (1958). Die Gedichte des Archipoeta [The Poetry of the Archpoet] (in German) (1st ed.). Heidelberg: Carl Winter / Universitätsverlag.
- Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions.
- Wolff, Étienne, ed. (1995). Carmina Burana (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: ISBN 2-7433-0000-0.
Primary critical sources
- Cairns, Francis (1975). "The Archpoet's Confession". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 10: 100–105.
- Cairns, Francis (1980). "The Archpoet's Confession: Sources, Interpretation and Historical Context". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 15: 87–103.
- Cairns, Francis (1983). "The Archpoet's 'Jonah-Confession' (Poem II): Literary, Exegetical, and Historical Aspects". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 18: 168–193.
- Dronke, Peter (1968). The Medieval Lyric (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library.
- Re-edition: ——— (2002). The Medieval Lyric (Reprint of 1996's 3rd ed.). Cambridge: ISBN 0-85991-484-4. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Re-edition: ——— (2002). The Medieval Lyric (Reprint of 1996's 3rd ed.). Cambridge:
- ISBN 0-333-24816-3.
- S. Westphal-Wihl (January 1982). "Reviewed Work: The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry". The German Quarterly. 55 (1): 108–110. JSTOR 405599.
- S. Westphal-Wihl (January 1982). "Reviewed Work: The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry". The German Quarterly. 55 (1): 108–110.
- Dronke, Peter (1984). The Medieval Poet and His World. Raccolta di Studi e Testi (in English and French). Vol. 164 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Dronke, Peter (1990). "The Archpoet and the Classics". In Godman, Peter; Murray, Oswyn (eds.). Latin Poetry and the Classical Tradition. Essays in Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1st ed.). Oxford: ISBN 0-19-920174-9.
- Re-edition: ——— (1997). "The Archpoet and the Classics". Sources of Inspiration: Studies in Literary Transformations, 400–1500. Raccolta di Studi e Testi. Vol. 196 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 83–100. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Paul Pascal (1991). "Peter Godman, Oswyn Murray, Latin Poetry and the Classical Tradition: Essays in Medieval and Renaissance Literature". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05.
- Godman, Peter (2000). "Chapter VI: Archness". The Silent Masters: Latin Literature and Its Censors in the High Middle Ages (1st ed.). Princeton: )
- Godman, Peter (2009). Paradoxes of Conscience in the High Middle Ages: Abelard, Heloise and the Archpoet. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. Vol. 75 (1st ed.). Cambridge: ISBN 978-0-521-51911-3. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
- Godman, Peter (2014). The Archpoet and Medieval Culture (1st ed.). Oxford: )
- Hardin, James; Will, Hasty, eds. (December 1994). "The Archpoet". ISBN 978-0-8103-5709-9. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- ISBN 0-674-76075-1. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Heller, J. L. (April 1933). "A Note on the So-Called Confession of Golias". Speculum. 8 (2). Cambridge: S2CID 163206890.
- Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1976). "The Politics of a Poet: the Archipoeta as Revealed by his Imagery". In Mahoney, Edward P. (ed.). Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller (in Latin) (1st ed.). New York: ISBN 90-04-04378-0. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Denys Hay (Spring 1978). "Reviewed Work: Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller". Renaissance Quarterly. 31 (1): 50–53. JSTOR 2860330.
- Denys Hay (Spring 1978). "Reviewed Work: Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller". Renaissance Quarterly. 31 (1): 50–53.
- Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1980). "Introduction". In Jackson, W. T. H. (ed.). The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry (1st ed.). New York & London: ISBN 0-333-24816-3.
- Miner, Priscilla Ann (1960). Tradition and originality in the extant poems of the Archpoet. Berkeley: University of California.
- Pucci, Joseph (1989). "Job and Ovid in the Archpoet's Confession". ISSN 0106-5815.
- Sammel, Rebecca E. (1997). "Carnival Confession: The Archpoet and Chaucer's Pardoner". In Müller, Beate (ed.). Parody: Dimensions and Perspectives. Rodopi Perspectives on Modern Literature (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 169–190. ISBN 90-420-0181-X. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Shcheglov, Yu (IUrii Konstantinovich); Zholkovsky (Zholkovskiī), A. (Aleksandr Konstantinovich) (1987). "II. The Archpoet of Cologne's arch poetics: Deep and surface structures of his "Confession" in service of an ambivalent theme". Poetics of Expressiveness: A Theory and Application. Linguistic and Literary Studies in Eastern Europe. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 255–304. ISSN 0165-7712. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Shurtleff, Steven (September 22, 1994). "The Archpoet as Poet, Persona, and Self: The Problem of Individuality in the Confession". Philological Quarterly. 73 (4). Iowa City: OCLC 1762267. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
- Skinner, Marilyn B. (January 1973). "The Archpoet's use of the Jonah-figure". Neophilologus. 57 (1): 1–5. S2CID 162262306.
- )
- Re-edition: ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". ISBN 0-486-41436-1.
- Re-edition: ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet".
Secondary critical sources
- ISBN 0-691-01899-5. Archived from the originalon July 24, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
- Dronke, Peter (July 2007). "Le antologie liriche del Medioevo latino". Forms and Imaginings: From Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century. Raccolta di Studi e Testi (in Italian). Vol. 243 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-88-8498-371-8. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Emmerson, Richard K., ed. (2006). "Archpoet". Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Sandra Clayton-Emmerson, Associate Editor (1st ed.). New York: )
- Fuhrmann, Horst (2001) [1986]. Germany in the high Middle Ages c.1050–1200. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Reprint of 1995's 3rd ed.). Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-31980-3. (Preview available on Google Books)
- Godman, Peter (2014). The Archpoet and Medieval Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198719229.
- Godman, Peter (2009). "The World of the Archpoet". Mediaeval Studies. Vol. 71. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 113–156.
- Hardin, James; Hasty, Will, eds. (December 1994). "The Archpoet". German Writers and Works of the Early Middle Ages 800–1170. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 148. at BookRags.com)
- Henshaw, Millett (November 1937). "Review: [untitled]". Modern Philology. 35 (2). JSTOR 434431.
- Lejay, Paul (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- LCCN 97154404. (Preview available on Google Books)
- McDonald, William C.; Goebel, Ulrich (1973). German Medieval Literary Patronage from Charlemagne to Maximilian I. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Morris, Colin (2004) [1972]. The Discovery of the Individual, 1050–1200. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching (Fourth reprint of 1987's ed.). Toronto: ISBN 0-8020-6665-8.
- Sayce, Olive (February 2008). "Latin Poets from Antiquity to the Middle Ages". Exemplary Comparison from Homer to Petrarch (1st ed.). )
- Scheid, Nikolaus (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
External links
- Transcription of the article "The Archpoet" from the Dictionary of Literary Biography.
- J. A. Symonds' English translation of "The Confession of Golias" at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
- Helen Waddell's English translation of "His Confession" at TheHyperTexts.
- F. J. E. Raby's English translation of "Aestuans intrinsecus" posted on the FETUSVENERIS blog.
- Works by Archpoet at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- (in Latin) The ten known poems of the Archpoet at IntraText.
- (in Latin) The ten known poems of the Archpoet at The Latin Library.
- (in Latin) The Archpoet's page at the Bibliotheca Augustana.
- (in Latin) The Archpoet's "Estuans intrinsecus" (CB 191) in the Carmina Burana at the Bibliotheca Augustana.
- (in Latin) The Archpoet's "Sepe de miseria" (CB 220) in the Carmina Burana at the Bibliotheca Augustana.
- (in Latin) The Archpoet's "Aestuans intrinsecus" with some notes at Western Michigan University by Professor Rand Johnson.
- (in Latin) The complete Carmina Burana collection at (retired) University of Hawaii at ManoaAssociate Professor David Stampe's website.
- (in Latin) Recitation of Archipoetae Confessio Vagantis on YouTubeby Claudia Sperlich.