Cellulite

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about subcutaneous fat. For the subcutaneous infection, see Cellulitis. For the plastic, see Celluloid.
Cellulite
Other namesAdiposis edematosa, dermopanniculosis deformans, status protrusus cutis, gynoid lipodystrophy, orange peel syndrome
The dimpled appearance of cellulite
SpecialtyPlastic surgery

Cellulite or gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) is the herniation of subcutaneous

pelvic region (specifically the buttocks), lower limbs, and abdomen.[1][2] Cellulite occurs in most postpubescent females.[3] A review gives a prevalence of 85–98% of women of European descent,[4] but it is considerably less common in women of East Asian descent.[5][6] It is believed to be physiological rather than pathological. It can result from a complex combination of factors, including diet, sedentary lifestyle, hormonal imbalance or heredity
, among others.

Causes

The causes of cellulite include changes in

hormonal factors, genetic factors, the microcirculatory system, the extracellular matrix, and subtle inflammatory alterations.[1][3][7]

Hormonal factors

Hormones play a dominant role in the formation of cellulite.

thyroid hormones, and prolactin—are believed to participate in the development of cellulite.[1]

Genetic factors

There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to cellulite.

ACE) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1a) genes.[9] Evidence for the heredity of cellulite is supported from studies showing that both the presence and degree of cellulite is similar between females within the same family.[6]

Predisposing factors

Several factors have been shown to affect the development of cellulite. Sex, ethnicity, biotype, distribution of subcutaneous fat, and predisposition to lymphatic and circulatory insufficiency have all been shown to contribute to cellulite.[1] It has been found to be considerably less common in women of East Asian descent, than in white women.[5]

Lifestyle

A high-

catecholamines, which have also been associated with the development of cellulite.[1] Inactivity can cause vascular stasis, contributing to cellulite formation.[5] Excessive carbohydrate consumption may also be related to cellulitis in some instances.[5]

Treatments

Cellulite can be resistant to a variety of treatments.

non-invasive therapy such as mechanical suction or mechanical massage. Energy-based devices include radio frequency with deep penetration of the skin, ultrasound,[11] cryotherapy chambers,[12] laser and pulsed-light devices.[13][14] Combinations of mechanical treatments and energy-based procedures are widely used.[13] Ionithermie, a form of electrotherapy using electrical muscle stimulation, has been described as ineffective.[15][16] More invasive 'subcision' techniques utilize a needle-sized microscalpel to cut through the causative fibrous bands of connective tissue. Subcision procedures (manual, vacuum-assisted, or laser-assisted) are performed in specialist clinics with patients given local anaesthetic.[14]

Epidemiology

In European populations, cellulite is thought to occur in 80–90% of post-adolescent females.[9][17] Its existence as a real disorder has been challenged,[18] and the prevailing medical opinion is that it is merely the "normal condition of many women".[19] It is rarely seen in males.[1]

History

The growing interest in cellulite has historically been linked to the growth of the cosmetic industry in the west, as well as globalization. The term was first used in the 1920s by spa and beauty services to promote their services, and began appearing in English-language publications in the late 1960s, with the earliest reference in Vogue magazine, "Like a swift migrating fish, the word cellulite has suddenly crossed the Atlantic."[20] According to Italian researcher Martina Grimaldi, cellulite has often been pathologized as a "disease" in Western European news media, and it has been shown that French magazines promoting this misinformation are often funded by pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anti-cellulite skincare products.[21] American journalist Susan Faludi notes that the Western beauty advertisements have attempted to portray cellulite as a symptom of women's social progress; that cellulite is caused by being a working, independent woman. Faludi writes that such messaging is motivated by a fear within the cosmetic industry that women's social progress might lead to declining profits in the beauty industry as a whole, noting that profits did decline in the 1970s and 1980s, the era of second-wave feminism.[22]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 18504078
    .
  2. ^ Pinna, K. (2007). Nutrition and diet therapy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 178.
  3. ^
    S2CID 20205700
    .
  4. PMID 25518090
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 32785706
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 10123904
    . "heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9
  7. S2CID 15618447
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-9764821-0-9
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 26214159
    .
  10. PMID 24267421
    .
  11. S2CID 44101405
    .
  12. PMID 26017594
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 21099081
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 28123311
    .
  15. ^ Feldman, Melissa (2018-03-09). "Ionithermie Cellulite Treatment Reviews: Does It Work?". Consumer Health Digest. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  16. ISSN 1085-5629
    .
  17. PMID 18459514.Free access icon
  18. PMID 632386
    .
  19. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Cellulite
  20. ^ Vogue 15 Apr 1968 110/1[non-primary source needed]
  21. ISBN 978-1-000-26398-5
    . In the text "The female body between science and guilt: The story of cellulite", Ghigi (2004) explains the role of French magazines in the construction of the concept of cellulite. It shows how two French magazines, "Votre Beaute" and "Marie Claire" have helped to show cellulite as a disease. In fact, these are two newspapers funded by pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anti-cellulite products.
  22. ISBN 978-0-307-42687-1
    .

Further reading

External links

  • Media related to Cellulite at Wikimedia Commons
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