Chirand
Chirand | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 25°44′27.1828″N 84°49′11.5651″E / 25.740884111°N 84.819879194°E | |
Country | India |
District | Saran district |
Area code | 841211 |
ISO 3166 code | IN-BR |
Chirand is an
The river
Chirand is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Chhapra, the district headquarters in the state of Bihar. The Archaeological Survey of India controls about 0.5 square kilometres (0.19 sq mi) of the area of the village.[5]
Climate
The average annual rainfall in the area is 125 centimetres (49 in).[6] Much of the rainfall occurs from June to September when the monsoons tend to start.[6] The Ganga River tends to flow beyond capacity causing flooding and deposition of alluvium in the adjoining area.[7]
River erosion
Part of the village, including about 10 metres (33 ft) of the mound, have been subject to submergence and river erosion caused by the Ganga river. The Nonia tola in the village was in imminent danger of getting submerged. In 2010, protection of the part of the village exposed to erosion was envisaged by way of stone pitching.[5]
Demography
The Chirand village, as per 2011 census, has a population of 2971 comprising 520 families. The male population is 1600 while that of females is 1371. Literacy rate is 61.09 % of the village compared to 61.80 % of the state.[8]
History
The
The Bihar State Directorate of Archaeology conducted excavations at the Chirand mound 1962–63 and returned for more 1970–71. The mound is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in length. The Neolithic deposits uncovered a layer of 3.5 metres (11 ft) thickness.[7][5][9] The civilization includes area in India and South Asia that dates back to the Neolithic age according to archaeological finds from this village mound and four other locations[10] in India.[11]
Chirand Neolithic group occupied the plains, while their contemporaries inhabited the plateaus and hills. The occupational categorization in Chirand covers three periods – Period I Neolithic (2500–1345 BC), Period II
Economy
Neolithic people experienced an economy that included hunting, gathering, fishing and animal rearing.[15] Paddy husk impressions in some potsherds indicate Neolithic involvement in cultivating rice and cereals such as wheat, moong, masoor, and barley.[15] Both cultivated and wild rice was harvested during summer and again during winter.[7] The wild forms of rice are Oryza rifipogon and Oryza perennis, from which Oryza sativa (Asian rice) originated.[16]
Archaeological finds
The archaeological finds in Chirand are from a Neolithic deposit of 3.5 metres (11 ft) thickness, a Chalcolithic layer 5.5 metres (18 ft) thick and iron age formation of 2.45 metres (8 ft 0 in) thickness. Copper was used during the Chalcolithic period, while iron was found in the upper strata.[4] A cache of 88 Kushan period coins were unearthed at the site.[17]
Animals
Analysis of antiquities related to skeletal remains revealed 12 species of domesticated and wild animals: cattle, buffaloes (
Pottery
25,000
Pot wares in varying designs in post-firing painting technique in ochre colour, generally of grey ware and few in red-ware were also found.[4] The Chalcolithic pottery unearthed at the site are of black and red ware pots and pans.[7]
Housing
Neolithic people lived in circular wattle and daub huts made of mud and reeds with rammed floors. Earlier hut floors were built below ground level, later hut floors were built at ground level.
Hearths and oblong shaped ovens were found in a semicircular hut. The white colour of the soil around the hearth and the ovens found at the site pointed to animal meat roasted in the ovens, likely for community feeding. Rice was a staple food.[4][19][20] Mud boundary walls of houses were traced. Burnt chunks of clay with reed or bamboo impressions suggest that houses were destroyed by fire. Houses were larger in size in the Chalcolithic period compared to the Neolithic period, made of reeds and bamboo with mud plaster and flooring of fired earth.[19] A circular hearth and a few post-holes were also found.[4]
The Neolithic stone implements of celts were found. Axes found were made of
Crafts
Pendants, ear-rings, bangles, discs and combs from the Neolithic period were found.[9] 400 bone tools, mostly used for hunting, made from antler and long bones of deer and cattle were found in Chirand and at Burzahom from Period II and Period III. Terracotta figurines included humped bulls, birds, snakes, and human female figurines. The snake figures are indicative of existence of Naga cult among the Neolithic people.[7][21] The human female figurines possibly relate to either a mother goddess, a goddess of fertility, or both. Ornaments made from tortoise and ivory were also found.[7] A painted motif of the sacred peepal leaf (Ficus religiosa) was found. A foot stand of large sarcophagus indicates mortuary rites of the Neolithic people.[22]
Celebrations
Fair
An annual fair is held in Chirand during the last day of the month of
Festival
The state government proposed an annual festival titled 'Chirand Mahotsava' with the support of Chirand Vikas Parishad.[23]
Theme park
A theme park depicting the different civilizations of Chirand is currently being planned.[24]
References
- ^ "BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN". Archived from the original on 23 March 2017.
- ^ "Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat". Archived from the original on 23 March 2017.
- ISBN 9780810853669. Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e "Directorate of Archaeology". Chirand, Saran. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Singh, Rakesh K (25 September 2010). "Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016.
- ^ a b Peregrine & Ember 2003, p. 128.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gopal & Srivastava 2008, p. 80.
- ^ "Chirand Population – Saran, Bihar". Census2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
- ^ a b Singh 2008, p. 120.
- ^ Burzahom in Kashmir, Bhimbetka caves in Madhya Pradesh, Ayad Valley civilization in Rajasthan, and Brahmagiri in Karnataka
- ^ "5 pre-historic sites that shaped India". Sunday Guardian. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016.
- ^ "distinguishing features of Chirand Neolithic pottery first noticed at Chirand was post-firing painting in ochre colour mainly on grey ware, but sometimes on red-ware also". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
- ^ a b Sahu 1988, p. 181.
- ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "Chirand (India)". archaeology.about.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b Sahu 1988, p. 182.
- ^ Peregrine & Ember 2003, p. 130.
- ^ "Copper and Silver Hoards". #039 Chirand (Saran District, Bihar). A rough guide to Kuhan History. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Gopal & Srivastava 2008, p. 81.
- ^ a b Singh 2008, p. 121.
- ^ Sinha 2009, p. 410.
- ^ Sahu 1988, p. 181-82.
- ^ Peregrine & Ember 2003, p. 131.
- ^ "Decks cleared for thematic park at Chirand". The Times of India. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014.
- ^ "Decks cleared for thematic park at Chirand". The Times of India. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014.
Bibliography
- Gopal, Lallanji; Srivastava (2008). History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-521-6.
- Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2003). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-46262-7.
- Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad (1988). From Hunters to Breeders: Faunal Background of Early India. Anamika Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85150-06-2.
- Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
- Sinha, Atul K. (2009). Approaches to History, Culture, Art and Archeology: Essays in the Honour of Professor Om Prakash. Anamika. ISBN 978-81-7975-248-7.