Christian Jürgensen Thomsen
Christian Jürgensen Thomsen | |
---|---|
Archeology Museum administration |
Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (29 December 1788 – 21 May 1865) was a
In 1816 he was appointed head of 'antiquarian' collections which later developed into the
Thomsen also wrote one of the first systematic treatises on gold
Early life
Christian Jurgensen Thomsen was born in Copenhagen in 1788 into a wealthy merchant family. As a young man he visited Paris and once he had returned to Denmark, became interested in coin collecting. This may have helped him develop his awareness of stylistic change through time.[1]
Contributions to archaeology
In 1816 Thomsen was selected to curate Danish Royal Commission for the Collection and Preservation of Antiquities' first exhibition. As the post was unsalaried, Thomsen's independent means and his experience as a collector of coins were his primary qualifications.[2]
He probably knew of the three-age model of prehistory through the works of
Thomsen decided to map out which kinds of phenomena co-occurred in deposits and which did not, as this would allow him to discern any trends that were exclusive to certain periods. In this way he discovered that
To Thomsen the find circumstances were the key to dating. As early as 1821, he wrote in a letter to fellow antiquarian Schröder that, "[n]othing is more important than to point out that hitherto we have not paid enough attention to what was found together," and, the next year, that "[we] still do not know enough about most of the antiquities either … only future archaeologists may be able to decide, but they will never be able to do so if they do not observe what things are found together and our collections are not brought to a greater degree of perfection."[4]
This analysis emphasizing co-occurrence and systematic attention to archaeological context allowed Thomsen to build a chronological framework of the materials in the collection and to classify new finds in relation to the established chronology, even without much knowledge of its provenience. In this way, Thomsen's system was a true chronological system rather than an evolutionary or technological system.[5] His chronology was established by 1825,[6] and visitors to the museum were instructed in his methods. Thomsen also published journal articles and pamphlets in which he emphasized the importance of the find circumstances for later interpretation and dating.[7] Finally, in 1836, he published the illustrated monograph Guide to Northern Antiquity, in which he described his chronology together with comments about which things occurred together in finds.
Like previous antiquarians, such as Winckelmann,[8] Thomsen paid attention to stylistic analysis as well, but he used his chronological framework as evidence that stylistic developments had taken place, not the other way round. Thomsen may have been able to make his early advances in the development of archaeology because he had such a wide variety of material to review, consisting of collective finds from a large relatively homogeneous culture area. He was the first to develop it into a chronological system rather than a speculative evolutionary model.[9]
Thomsen was an important influence on subsequent generations of prehistorians in Scandinavia, and he taught his methods to archaeologists such as
Thomsen's Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Guideline to Nordic Antiquity; 1836) was published in English in 1848. Worsaae's The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark was published in English in 1849; the two works were highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.[10]
In 1862, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.[11]
Influence on art
Together with Niels Laurits Høyen, Thomsen had great influence on the arts in Copenhagen. He was active as a board in the influential Kunstforeningen (Art Society) in the 1830s when its member numbers and position peaked. In 1839 he was appointed as inspector at the Royal Painting Collection alongside Niels Laurits Høyen. Many private collectors also consulted Thomsen.[12]
Bibliography
- Thomsen, C. J. (1836) Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkundskab (Guideline to Nordic Antiquity), published in German in 1837 and in English in 1848.
References
- ^ Trigger, B. 2006, p. 122
- ^ Trigger, B. 2006, p. 127
- ^ Heizer 1962
- ^ Gräslund 1987:23
- ^ Gräslund 1987:22, 28
- ^ Gräslund 1987:19
- ^ Gräslund 1987:24
- ^ Trigger 2006:57-8
- ^ Gräslund 1987:29
- ^ Conn, Steven (2004). History's Shadow: Native Americans and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 137–139.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
- ^ "Kasper Monrad: Hverdagsbilleder. Dansk guldalder - kunstnerne og deres vilkår. Kbhn. Christian Ejlers' forlag 1989. 344 sider, rigt ill. i s/h og farver, indbundet 398 kr". Historisk Tidsskrift. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
Sources
- Conn, Steven (2004). History's Shadow: Native Americans and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Gjerløff, Anne Katrine. (1999). "Syn for sagn: Dansk Arkæologi og Historie i 1800-tallet", Historisk Tidsskrift 99:2
- Gräslund, Bo. (1987) The Birth of Prehistoric Chronology. Dating methods and dating systems in nineteenth-century Scandinavian archeology, Cambridge University Press.
- Heizer, Robert. (1962). "The background of Thomsen's Three-age System", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 3
- Rowley-Conwy, Peter. (2006). "The Concept of Prehistory and the Invention of the Terms `Prehistoric' and `Prehistorian': the Scandinavian Origin, 1833—1850", European Journal of Archaeology 9:1 pp. 103–130
- Trigger, Bruce (2006). A History of Archaeological thought (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Worsaae, J. J. A. (1866) "Carl Christian Rafn og C.J. Thomsen", in Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed