Chupan

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Chupan
Bornc. 1262
DiedOctober 1327 (aged 64–65)
Il-Khanate (1307)
Spouse(s)Sati Beg and Kurdujin Khatun

Amir Chūpān (

Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate, and nominal general of the Mongol Empire. He was ennobled by Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke of Yi (翊國公).[1]

Background

Chupan's father Malek participated in

Hulagu on his campaign against Golden Horde in 1262 and named as governor of Diyar Bakr, died in 1277 at the Battle of Elbistan.[2]

Early career

He participated in a battle against

Mamelukes. However, later, Chupan's army under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer Qutlugh Shah, was defeated by the Mamelukes in the battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303). When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with the army, and reached Ghazan in June. Ghazan, furious at the defeat, punished both Qutlugh Shah and Chupan, though the latter was dealt with more leniently. He also met Zahid Gilani sometime during reign of Ghazan.[3]

Under Öljeitü

On 19 March 1305 Chupan was betrothed to the daughter of Ghazan's successor

Abu Sa'id confirmed Chupan's status as Amir of the Ulus, despite attempts by the Amir Sevinch to gain the position for himself. Moreover, was betrothed to Sati Beg
, another daughter of Öljeitü in 1317.

Height and fall under Abu Sa'id

Chupan attempted to neutralize the influence of the viziers. In 1318, he convinced the discredited former vizier

Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
to return to the Ilkhanid court. Rashid, who had many enemies, was accused of poisoning Öljeitü soon after he returned. Chupan promptly turned on him, and Rashid-al-Din was put to death in July of that year.

In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the

Jalayirids, Hasan Buzurg) against the raids of the Chagatai prince Yasa'ur, who was devastating Khurasan, but then turned around to support Abu Sa'id upon receiving word that the latter's position across the Kur River
was in danger. Several of Abu Sa'id's officers had deserted, leaving his army weakened. He rushed to his master's position, only to find the troops of the Blue Horde already in flight. Nevertheless, Chupan inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy.

The matter of Abu Sa'id's officers fleeing still needed to be addressed. When the amir enacted punishment against

Khorasan and Azerbaijan respectively. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister Sati Beg
, whom he had been betrothed to since 1316.

However, his son Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be

Blue Horde
.

As Chupan had reached the height of his power, he had also sown the seeds of his fall. While Abu Sa'id lacked a treasury, Chupan's son and administrative representative Demasq Kaja spent his wealth extravagantly. This situation annoyed the Ilkhan, who was further influenced against him by his viziers, particularly Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Chupan's own protégé. Chupan's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter

Bagdad Katun
, who was already married to Hasan Buzurg, did not help the situation.

Early in 1326, Chupan led an army to defend against an imminent invasion of

Ghazna. The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in had traveled with Chupan, leaving Demasq Kaja in effective control at the Ilkhanid court. It was at this time that Abu Sa'id decided to make his move. Using opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, Demasq Kaja, killed, apparently for his activities with a former concubine of Öljaitü's.[5]

Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. he convinced the local religious leader of Simnan, Shaikh 'Ala' al-Daula, to try to negotiate a truce, and then camped near

Kartid
ruler, Ghiyath ud-Din. However he was soon strangled to death under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. Chupan and his son Chilaun were both killed. As Chupan's friend, Ghiyath ordered that he be killed by strangulation, which was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid leader then sent one of Chupan's fingers to Abu Sa'id as proof of the deed. Many of Chupan's sons were to also die in the next few years. His daughter soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded former post of Chupan, rising to be new commander-in-chief of Ilkhanid army.

He was buried in

Bagdad Katun
.

Personality

Chupan was described as a devout Muslim who was also against among emirs who opposed Öljeitü's conversion to Shiism.[3] Described by various sources as brave and just, he was also known to sponsor a water canal to Mecca in 1325. Being a fervent Muslim, he also oversaw reconstruction of mosques in Tabriz as well as demolition of churches. Nevertheless, he also protected Mar Yahballaha III.[6]

Children

He had at least 4 wives, by whom

Sorgan Shira
:

References

  1. ISSN 0473-3851
    .
  2. ^ a b c "ČOBĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  3. ^ a b Melville, Charles P. ""Wolf of Shepherd? Amir Chupan's attitude to government"". The Court of the Il Khans, 1290 1340, ed. J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art.
  4. ^ Thomas T. Allsen-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.39
  5. OCLC 745412.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  6. ^ Chabot, J.-B. (Jean-Baptiste) (1895). Histoire de Mar Jabalaha III, patriarche des Nestoriens (1281-1317), et du moine Rabban Çauma, Ambassadeur du roi Argoun en Occident (1287);. PIMS - University of Toronto. Paris, Leroux.

Sources

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