Tabriz

Coordinates: 38°04′53″N 46°18′02″E / 38.08139°N 46.30056°E / 38.08139; 46.30056
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the administrative division of East Azerbaijan province, see Tabriz County. For the type of carpet, see Tabriz rug.

Tabriz
Mausoleum of Poets
.
UTC+3:30 (IRST)
Postal code
51368
Area code041
WebsiteTabriz municipality

Tabriz (

Azerbaijani: تبریز) is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It is the sixth-most-populous city
in Iran.

Tabriz is in the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region[4] between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains. Tabriz's elevation ranges between 1,350 and 1,600 m (4,430 and 5,250 ft) above sea level. The valley opens up into a plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia, 60 km (37 mi) to the west. The city was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015[5] and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[6][7]

With a population of over 1.7 million (2016),[8] Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population is bilingual with most people speaking Azeri as their native language and Persian as their second language.[9] Tabriz is a major heavy industries hub for automobiles, machine tools, refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and cement production industries.[10] The city is famous for its handicrafts, including hand-woven rugs and jewelry. Local confectionery, chocolate, dried nuts and traditional Tabrizi food are recognized throughout Iran as some of the best. Some of the most esteemed cultural institutions in northwest Iran are located in Tabriz, which is also a center for intellectual activity.

Tabriz contains many historical monuments, representing Iran's architectural transition throughout its long history. Most of Tabriz's preserved historical sites belong to

Imperial Russia, following two Russo-Persian Wars
in the first half of the 19th century, Tabriz was at the forefront of Iranian rule over its Caucasian territories. Until 1925, the city was the traditional residence of the Qajar crown princes.

Etymology

According to some sources,

thermal springs
in the area.

Other sources

Grabar). In AD 297, it became the capital of Tiridates III, king of Armenia.[20] However, this story has a popular origin and no ancient source has recorded such event. This is based on accounts of Vardan Areveltsi, a 13th-century Armenian historian.[21] Accordingly, the historical Armenian name for the city was Tavrezh (Armenian: Թաւրէժ, romanized: T'avrēž).[22]

Proto-Iranian tr̥Hwáns (able to overcome). However, some researchers believe that Tabriz may be considered a pre-Iranian toponym.[citation needed
]

History

See also:
Iranian Azerbaijan, History of the Caucasus, and History of Iran

Early history

The early history of Tabriz is not well documented. The earliest civilization signs in the city belongs to an Iron Age grave yard of 1st millennium B.C. which were unearthed in late 1990s in northern side of Blue Mosque.[27] The city also inscribed as old as 714 B.C. on as Tarui or Tauris, on the Assyrian King Sargon II's epigraph in 714 BC.[28]

Egyptologist

David Rohl suggested that the legendary Garden of Eden was near Tabriz. Archaeologist Eric H. Cline commented on Rohl's views, writing that "his suggestions have not caught on with the scholarly establishment. His argument is not helped by the fact that it depends upon speculations regarding the transmission of place-names for both the various rivers and nearby related areas from antiquity to the present. In the end, while Rohl's suggestion is not out of the question, it seems no more probable than any other hypothesis, and less likely than those suggested by Speiser, Zarins, and Sauer."[29]

Since the earliest documented history of Tabriz, it has been chosen as the capital for several rulers commencing from

Sassanids in the 3rd or 4th century AD, or later in the 7th century.[30] The city used to be called T'awrēš in Middle Persian
.

From the Arab conquest to the Constitutional Revolution

16th-century schematic map of Tabriz by Matrakçı Nasuh

After the

Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, rebuilt Tabriz after a devastating earthquake and beautified the city so much as to obtain the credit for having been its founder.[11][20]

In the

Ardebil, conquered by the Georgians as well, as many as 12,000 Muslims were killed.[31] The Georgians then pushed further, taking Khoy and Qazvin along the way.[32][33]

After the

Ilkhanid Mongol capital of Azerbaijan until it was sacked by Timur in 1392.[dubious – discuss
]

Chosen as a capital by

Orthodox bishop during this time.[citation needed
]

In the 13th century, many western expediters who visited Tabriz on their way to the east were amazed by the richness of the city, its magnificent buildings and its institutions.[35]

Marco Polo travelled the Silk Road, passing Tabriz about 1275, described it as: "a great city surrounded by beautiful and pleasant gardens. It is excellently situated so the goods brought to here coming from many regions. Latin merchants specially Genevis go there to buy the goods that come from foreign lands."[36]

From 1375 to 1468, Tabriz was the capital of

Ag Qoyunlu warriors. Ag Qoyunlus selected Tabriz as their capital from 1469 to 1501. Some of the existing historical monuments including the Blue Mosque
belong to the Qara Qoyunlu period.

In 1501,

Safavid state. In 1514, after the Battle of Chaldiran, Tabriz was sacked by Selim I. On 16 July 1534, prior to Ottoman conquest of Baghdad, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha occupied Tabriz.[38] In 1555, Tahmasp I transferred its capital to Qazvin
to avoid the growing threat of the Ottoman army to his capital.

Panoramic view of Tabriz sketched by Jean Chardin, 1673

Between 1585 and 1603, Tabriz was under occupation by

Treaty of Zohab in 1639. The city was completely devastated by a strong earthquake in 1641.[40]

In summer of

invaded by an Ottoman army. During this round of invasion, the Ottomans imprisoned many in Tabriz and killed about two hundred thousand residents.[41] The city was subsequently retaken by the Iranian army, after which a widespread famine, combined with the spread of fatal diseases, killed more of those who still remained. In 1780, a major earthquake hit near Tabriz and killed as many as two hundred thousand people, leaving only about thirty thousand survivors.[42]

At the end of the 18th century, the city was divided into several districts, each ruled by a family, until 1799, when the Qajar Prince

1826–1828), the city was captured for Russia in 1828 by General Prince Eristov, who marched into the city with 3,000 soldiers.[44] After Abbas Mirza and Ivan Paskevich signed the peace treaty, which granted for the irrevocable cession of the last remaining Caucasian territories, the Russian army retreated from the city. Nevertheless, Russian political and military influence remained a major force in Tabriz and north-northwestern Iran even until the fall of the Russian empire in the early 20th century.[44] After the retreat of the Russian army, Abbas Mirza, the Qajar Crown Prince, launched a modernization scheme from Tabriz, during which he introduced Western-style institutions, imported industrial machinery, installed the first regular postal service, and undertook military reforms in the city. He also began a rebuilding campaign and established a modern taxation system.[45]

Contemporary era

Thanks to the geographical closeness to the West and to communications with nearby countries' enlightenment movements, Tabriz became the centre of the

reinvaded Tabriz. After crushing the local resistance by invading Russian troops, they started suppressing the constitutional revolutionaries and residents of the city. Following the invasion, Russian troops executed about 1,200 of Tabriz residents.[47] As a result of the campaign, Tabriz was occupied by the Russian forces between 1911 and 1917.[46]

  • Siege of Tabriz during Constitutional Revolution, September 27, 1908.
    Siege of Tabriz during Constitutional Revolution, September 27, 1908.
  • Constitutional revolutionists defending Davachi bridge against monarchists, May 1, 1909.
    Constitutional revolutionists defending Davachi bridge against monarchists, May 1, 1909.
  • Constitutionals in Tabriz, 1911.
    Constitutionals in Tabriz, 1911.
  • Ark of Tabriz and US flag in the days after constitutional revolution, 1911.
    Ark of Tabriz and US flag in the days after constitutional revolution, 1911.
See also:
Invasion of Tabriz, World War I
Further information:
Caucasus Campaign

From the very start of

Russian army in the Caucasus region.[44] Russian troops recaptured the city from the Ottomans at a later stage of the war. By escalation of the revolution in Russia, the Russian armies in Iranian Azerbaijan were evacuated, and the actual power passed into the hands of the local committee of the democrat party, with Ismail Nawbari at its head.[44] Following Russia's retreat, the Ottomans captured the city once again for a few months until the decisive end of the war, and retreated thereafter. After World War I, a new era in the county's history began. Reza Shah, brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, declared himself the king of the country following a coup d'état. He started with promises of modernization programs in Iran which was concentrated on the unification of the country, under the idea of one country, one nation. This included centralization of the power and imposing restrictions on the local culture, heritage, and language in Iranian Azerbaijan, and the city of Tabriz.[48]
The modernization and nationalization plan of Reza Shah continued until the surge of World War II.

At the final year of the

Mohammad Reza as the new king of the country. The postwar situation was further complicated by Soviet aid to set up a local government called Azerbaijan People's Government in Northwest Iran, having Tabriz as its capital. The new Soviet-backed local government was run by Ja'far Pishevari and held power for one year starting from 1946. Pishevari's government gave more freedom to speech and education in Azerbaijani language and promoted local cultural heritage and gained some popularity among the residents. However, after the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Pishevari's limited armed forces were crushed by the Imperial Iranian army and the Iranian government retook control of the city. One of the major establishments in the period of Pishevari's government was opening of the University of Tabriz which played a major role in the later political movements and protests in the region.[49][50]

  • Russian Invasion of Tabriz, 1911.
    Russian Invasion of Tabriz, 1911
    .
  • Soviet artillery units passing through Tabriz, World War II.
    Soviet artillery units passing through Tabriz, World War II.
  • Soviet Tank and troops marching through Tabriz, World War II.
    Soviet Tank and troops marching through Tabriz, World War II.
  • Soviet T-26 Tank passing through the main street of Tabriz, World War II.
    Soviet T-26 Tank passing through the main street of Tabriz, World War II.

For the next 30 years, after the collapse of Azerbaijan's autonomous government, Tabriz enjoyed a stable era until the revolution in 1979. During this period the city received significant investment in its industries and transformed into a heavy-industry hub in the northwestern Iran. The need for a strong workforce increased immigration from all around Azerbaijan toward Tabriz. During this era and because of the continuous policy of the government centralization in Tehran as well as changes in communication and transportation, the city lost its historical dominance, but turned into the gate for reform and modernization of the country.

Starting with 1978 and with the heat of the Iranian Revolution, revolutionary movements of some of Tabriz residents played a major role in the revolution. After the revolution, the residents of the city were unsatisfied with the outcome, mainly because of the ignorance of the revolutionary government about the rights of the Azerbaijani minority.[citation needed] Another major source of dissatisfaction was the support of most of Iranian Azerbaijanis including Tabriz residents from a more liberal cleric, Grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari, who was against the content of the new constitution which was mixing religion and state together. The unrest in the city calmed down after brutal crush of the protesters in Tabriz and after house arrest of Shariatmadari.[51]

Aerial view of northeast Tabriz, May 2012

In the 1980s, due to the Iran–Iraq War, like the rest of the country, most of the construction and development projects in the city were stopped in order to fund the war costs. In addition to the indirect effects of the war, city's industrial zone, especially the oil refinery was also a major target for airstrikes by Iraqi's air forces because of the closeness to the Iraqi borderlines, and their strategic roles in the country's economy. With the escalation of the war, the attacks turned to War of the Cities and the air attacks later turned into the random strikes on the residential areas of the city in the later phase of the war.[52]

In recent years[when?], Tabriz is much more stable and the new developments in the city are rapidly changing the face of the city.

Capital of dynasties, empires, and kingdoms before modern day

Tabriz was chosen as the capital by several rulers commencing from the time of

until their defeat in 1555.[54]

During the

Qajar
dynasty, Tabriz was used as residence centre of Iranian Crown Prince (1794–1925).

Excavation sites

See also: Iron Age museum

In 2002, during a construction project at the north side of the Blue Mosque (Part of Silk Road Project), an ancient graveyard was revealed. This was kept secret until a construction worker alerted the authorities. Radiocarbon analysis by Allameh Tabatabai University has shown the background of the graves to be more than 3,800 years old. A museum of these excavations including the Blue Mosque was opened to the public in 2006.

The other excavation site is in Abbasi Street at the site of

Ilkhanid
period.

Geography

Topography

Tabriz is located in northwest of

Quri River
. The local area is earthquake-prone and during its history, the city has been devastated and rebuilt several times.

Climate

Tabriz has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk, Trewartha: BS) bordering on a humid continental climate with hot summers (Köppen: Dsa, Trewartha: Dc). The annual precipitation is around 260 mm (10 in), a good deal of which falls as snow during the winter months and rain in spring and autumn. The city enjoys a mild and fine climate in spring and autumn, is hot and dry in summer, while snowy and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 13.1 °C (55.6 °F). Cool winds blow from east to west, mostly in summer.[55]

Highest recorded temperature:42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 26 July 1966
Lowest recorded temperature: −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) on 20 January 1964[56]

Climate data for Tabriz (1991-2020, records 1951-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		31.2
(88.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		42.0
(107.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		38.0
(100.4) 		30.6
(87.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		19.1
(66.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		13.1
(55.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−3
(27) 		7.4
(45.3)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−25.0
(−13.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.3
(0.80) 		20.4
(0.80) 		31.6
(1.24) 		51.5
(2.03) 		38.3
(1.51) 		10.9
(0.43) 		6.7
(0.26) 		3.6
(0.14) 		5.6
(0.22) 		19.3
(0.76) 		27.0
(1.06) 		23.3
(0.92) 		258.5
(10.17)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.4 4.2 6.6 7.4 7.1 2.2 1.3 0.7 1.4 3.2 4.5 4.6 47.6
Average snowy days 9.3 7.9 4.9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.8 6.2 31.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		71 65 56 53 48 37 34 33 37 47 62 70 51.1
Average dew point °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.5
(34.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 161 192 213 273 332 350 343 302 241 179 136 2,863
Source 1:
NOAA NCEI,[57]
Source 2: IRIMO(records),[56] (snow/sleet days 1951-2010)[58]

Environment pollution

Air pollution is one of the major environmental issues in Tabriz. Air pollution is due to an increase of the number of cars commuting in the city and polluting industries such as thermal power plants, petrochemical complexes and the oil refinery in the west of the city. Air pollution levels increased continuously in the second half of the 20th century. With a mandate of national environmental codes by heavy industries, industrial air pollution has reduced in recent years. However, the air quality in the city is far from world norms for clean air.

An immediate environmental threat is the shrinkage and drying out of the Lake Urmia located in the outskirts of Western Tabriz. The lake has faced a grave crisis since the late 20th century. Water depth reduction, increasing water salinity to saturation level and the appearance of vast salt fields around the lake, are alarming indications of gradual total desiccation of a unique ecosystem. This occurred due to global warming and ever-increasing demands for inadequate freshwater sources in the basin. It is feared that in the near future low-lying clouds of airborne salt and minerals may hover over large areas around the lake, posing serious health hazards.[59]

Governance

Saat Tower
, Municipality Museum and former municipality office
Main Municipality Office
Further information: List of mayors of Tabriz

Authority for the city lies with the Mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by the city's residents. The Municipal central office is located in the

Tabriz Municipality Palace
.

Historic municipal districts

Tabriz is divided into 12 municipal districts. Each municipal district retains a number of the older neighborhoods that are of cultural and historical interest.

  • Ahrab (اهراب)
  • Akhmaqaya (آخماقایا)
  • Amraqiz
    (امره قیز)
  • Bahar (باهار)
  • Baghshoumal (باغ‌ شمال)
  • Baron Avak (Barnava) (بارناوا، بارون‌آواک)
  • Bazaar (بازار)
  • Beylanki (Beylankooh) (بیلانکی)
  • Charandab (چرنداب)
  • Chousdouzan (چوس‌دوزان)
  • Davachi
    (دوچی)
  • Gajil (گجیل)
  • Gazran (Re. Khayyam) (گزران)
  • Imamieh (امامیه)
  • Hokmavar (حکم‌آوار)
  • Kouchebagh (کوچه‌ باغ)
  • Khatib
    (Hatib) (خطیب)
  • Khayyam (خیام)
  • Khiyavan (خیاوان)
  • Kujuvar (کوجووار)
  • Laklar (لک لر)
  • Lalah (لاله)
  • Lilava (Leylabad) (لیل‌آباد)
  • Maghsoudia (مقصودیه)
  • Maralan (مارالان)
  • Nobar (نوبار)
  • Qaraghaj
    (قره‌آغاج)
  • Qaramalik (قارا‌ ملیک)
  • Rastakucha (راستا کوچه)
  • Sarlak (سرلک)
  • Selab (سیلاب)
  • Shanb-e-Ghazan
    (شنب غازان)
  • Sheshghelan
    (ششگلان)
  • Sirkhab (سیرخاب)
  • Tapalibagh (تپه لی باغ)
  • Vardjibashi (Vidjooya) (ورجی باشی، ویجویه)

Modern municipal districts

This is table of modern Tabriz districts.

  • Parvaz (Persian: پرواز)
  • Golshahr (گلشهر)
  • Zafaranieh (زعفرانیه)
  • Rajae Shahr (رجائی‌شهر)
  • Hafez (حافظ)
  • Mandana (ماندانا)
  • Nesfrah (نصف راه)
  • Valieamr (ولی امر)
  • Narmak (نارمک)
  • Yaghchian (یاغچیان)
  • Marzdaran (مرزداران)
  • Baghmishe (باغمیشه)
  • Elahiyeh (الهیه)
  • Abrisham (ابریشم)
  • Baharestan (بهارستان)
  • Misagh (میثاق)
  • Sahand (سهند)
  • Ashkan (اشکان)
  • Jamaran (جماران)
  • Abresan (آبرسان)
  • Vali Asr (ولیعصر)
  • Elahi Parast (الهی‌پرست)
  • Ferdows / (فردوس)
  • North Fereshteh (فرشته شمالی)
  • Roshdieh (رشدیه)
  • Mirdamad (میرداماد)
  • Andishe (اندیشه)
  • Khavaran (خاوران)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1956289,996—    
1966403,413+39.1%
19761,074,173+166.3%
19911,088,985+1.4%
19961,191,043+9.4%
20061,398,060+17.4%
20111,494,998+6.9%
20161,558,693+4.3%
source:
People of Caucasus.[67]

Language

Main article: Azerbaijani language § Iranian Azerbaijani
See also:
Old Azeri language

The predominant language spoken in Tabriz is

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
speakers.

A page from the only manuscript of Safina-yi Tabriz. It contains a Persian and a Pahlavi poem

It is believed that before the gradual increase and the dominance of Azerbaijani language in the area, other Iranian languages similar to Persian were spoken in Azerbaijan and Tabriz.[69][70][71] The 13th-century manuscript Safina-yi Tabriz has poems in what its Tabriz-born author has called the Tabrizi language (Zabān-e-Tabrizi) which is similar to Persian.[72]

Religion

After being crowned at Tabriz in 1501,

Sunni population of Tabriz was force converted to Shiism.[73][74]
Currently, the majority of people are followers of Shia Islam.

The city has a visible

Jewish community, but most of them have moved to Tehran.[11] There is also a small, embattled community of the Baháʼí Faith in the city.[75]

Culture and art

Literature

Sahand, o mountain of pure snow,
Descended from Heaven with Zoroaster
Fire in your heart, snow on your shoulders,
with storm of centuries,
And white hair of history on your chest ...

Yadollah Maftun Amini (born in 1926)[76]

The proximity to

Iranian Azeri poet Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar was born in Tabriz. The culture, social values, language and music is a mixture of what exists in the rest of Iran
.

Tabriz also has a special place in

Iran's best poets and authors
illustrates:

Music

Main article: Music of Iran

A century-long autocratic nation-building policy of central governments in Iran has succeeded in cultural assimilation in the favour of a government-sanctioned culture.[77] As a result, Tabriz, by the turn of the 20th century had nearly become devoid of its once characteristic cultural identity. Thanks to the more liberal policies of the Khatami era (1998–2006), a cultural renaissance took place and the local music was revitalized.

The traditional Azeri music is divided into two distinct types, the music of "

ashugh" and the "mugham
". Mugham, despite its similarity to Persian classical music, was not common among Iranian Azeris. In recent years, however, mugham is gaining popularity among the educated middle-class young generation. For instance, Nasir Atapur, from Tabriz, was the laureate of Mugam contest 2007.

The ashugh music had survived in a mountainous region of Qaradağ and presently is identified as the characteristic form of music in all Azerbaijan. The ashugh music, throughout its long history, had been associated with nomadic life in mountainous regions and used to be dismissed as back-country folklore. The recent identity renaissance of Azeri speaking people has elevated the status of Ashughs as the guardians of national culture. The newfound unprecedented popularity and frequent concerts and performances in urban settings have resulted in rapid innovative developments aiming to enhance the urban-appealing aspects of these ashugh performances. The main factor for these developments was the opening of academic style music classes in Tabriz by master Ashugs, such as Aşiq Imran Heydəri.

Ashugh music[79]
may clarify the said statement.

Bəlkə bu yerlərə birdə gəlmədim (I may not come to these mountains again)

duman səlamət qal dağ səlamət qal (Farewell to the Mist and to the mountain)

arxamca su səpir göydə bulutlar (Clouds sprinkle drops of rain)

leysan səlamət qal yağ səlamət qal (Farewell to summer days, farewell to the rain)

Painting

Khusraw at Shirin’s Palace. Tabriz, last quarter of the 15th-century. Keir Collection of Islamic Art

"Tabrizian style" painting was shaped in the era of

Safavids era is narrated by Orhan Pamuk in My Name Is Red
.

Cuisine

Main article: Iranian cuisine

Famous dishes in Tabriz include:

vegetables, carrots, noodles
and spices.

Abgoosht or Shorva (آب‌گوشت)[82] is a hearty soup made of mutton
and chickpeas. It has been cooked in Iran for many years and, until recently, was the main dish of most families in Tabriz.

Chelow kabab, kebab and roasted tomatoes (and roasted hot peppers occasionally) served on a plate of steamed rice[83], is the national dish of Iran. Tabriz is famous for the quality of its chelow kabab.

Dolma is a traditional food, prepared by filling an eggplant, capsicum, tomato or zucchini with a mixture of meat, split pea, onion and various spices.

Garniyarikh (meaning "the torn abdomen" in Azeri) is a kind of dolma filled with meat, garlic, almonds and spices
.

Tabriz meatballs are large meatballs composed of ground meat, rice, and leeks, alongside various other ingredients. The word kofta is derived from Persian kūfta: in Persian, kuftan (کوفتن) means "to beat" or "to grind".[84]

There are also confections, biscuits and cookies which are Tabriz specialties, including

Lokum
.

Main sights

Tabriz was devastated by several earthquakes during its history (e.g., in 858, 1041, and 1721) and as a result, from numerous monuments only few of them or part of them have survived until now. Moreover, some of the historical monuments have been destroyed fully or partially within construction projects (the Arg of Tabriz is in danger of destruction now, because of the ongoing nearby construction project of Mosal'laye Emam). Nonetheless, there are still numerous monuments remaining until now, which include:[citation needed]

Parks and gardens

Tabriz has 132 parks, including 97 small parks, 31 regional and 4 city parks. According to 2005 statistics, the area of parks in Tabriz is 2,595 km2, and the area of green spaces of Tabriz is 8,548 km2, which is 5.6 sq.m per person. A study published in 2018 found that "Most of the

Golestan Baği, was established at first Pahlavi's era in the city center. Tabriz also has 8 traveller-parks with the capacity of 10.000 travellers.[citation needed
]

  • Shah Goli Park
    Shah Goli Park
  • Eynali artificial forest in the north of the Tabriz
    Eynali artificial forest in the north of the Tabriz
  • A week-end ritual at Eynali peak
    A week-end ritual at Eynali peak

Economy

See also: Economy of Iran

Tabriz is the largest economic center in Northwest Iran. The economy of Tabriz is based on commerce, services, health care and pharmaceutical, small and heavy industries, and handcrafts. Tabriz is the main site for five of Iran's Fortune 100 companies including:

Shirin Asal, Aydin.[86]

Industries

Modern industries in Tabriz established since early 20 century by match manufacturing industries. Currently manufacturing industries in the city include manufacturing of machinery, vehicles, chemicals and petrochemical materials, refinery, cement, electrical and electronic equipment, home appliances, textiles and leather, nutrition and dairy, woodcraft, and pharmaceuticals.[11]

There are hundreds of industrial complexes in Tabriz's industrial area. Among them is the

Mashin Sazi Tabriz
Co, Iran Diesel Engine Manufacturing Co (IDEM), Pump Iran, Tabriz Petrochemical Complex, Tabriz Oil Refinery and a couple of industrial regions which include hundreds of small industries.

Tabriz is also a site for abundant food and some of the most famous chocolate factories in Iran which honoured the city as the Chocolate City of Iran. This includes Dadash and Baradar Industrial Co. with the brand mark of Aidin, Soniz which is one of the biggest factories of its kind in the region.

A vast portion of the city's population is involved in small businesses like shoemaking ateliers, stone-cutting, furniture ateliers, confectionery, printing and dry nuts.

Handcrafts ateliers

Main article: Persian carpet
See also: Tabriz rug

Due to its distinct handicrafts and carpets Tabriz is selected as the world city of crafts and carpet.[87] Tabriz is the main centre for the production of the famous Iranian Rugs. The distinctive durability of Tabriz's carpets and its unique designs made it a famous brand in the world's carpet markets. Tabrizi rugs and carpets usually have ivory backgrounds with blue, rose, and indigo motifs. They often feature symmetrical and balanced designs. They usually have a single medallion that is surrounded by vines and palmettos. One of the main quality characteristics of Tabriz rugs is the weaving style, using specialities that guarantee the durability of the rug in comparison for example with Kashan rugs.

Other than carpets, the city is famous for several other handicrafts including

embroider
.

  • A sample of Tabriz rugs
    A sample of Tabriz rugs
  • A newly made bronze Astrolabe, as a sample of Ghalamzani in Tabriz
    A newly made bronze Astrolabe, as a sample of Ghalamzani in Tabriz
  • An engraver in Tabriz
    An engraver in Tabriz

Shopping

Bazaar vendor of electrical goods

Shopping centres are mostly located in the city centre, including Grand

Ferdowsi street. Also, there are some malls and a lot of elegant & luxurious boutiques of jewellery, rugs, clothes, handicrafts, confectionery and nuts, home appliances and so on in the Abresan intersection, Roshdiyeh district and Kouy Valiasr.[citation needed
]

The special feature of Tabriz's malls is that most of them are designated to a particular order, such as home appliances, jewelry, shoes, clothes, wedding ceremonies, ladies/babies/men specialties, leather products, handicrafts, agricultural products, computers, electronic components, industrial equipment, piping equipment, chemical materials, agricultural machines, stationery, books, rugs, construction stuff and others.

Likewise, there are seasonal/occasional shopping fairs opened mainly in the Tabriz International Exhibition Center.

The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Kowsar Market,[88] Ofoq Kourosh chain store.

Tabriz International Exhibition Center

Tabriz International Exhibition Center which is located in the eastern part of the city holds tens of exhibitions based on yearly schedule. The most famous fair is TEXPO[89] which is a general trade fair. Established in 1992, it usually holds exhibitions around August 4–9 every year.

Schools and libraries

Universities

Tabriz is the site for 14 of Iran's most prominent universities and higher education institutes. Established in 1947, University of Tabriz[90] is the most prestigious university in north-western Iran. University of Tabriz is also considered one of five mother universities in the country which works as the regional hub of science for the region. Besides University of Tabriz, there are several other public universities, operating in the city and its suburbs. Among them the famous ones are:

University of Tabriz as seen from the Applied Physics Faculty

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences has departments from various medical and paramedical branches. This university was part of University of Tabriz until the early 1980s.

There are couple of private universities and higher educational institutes serving student as well, including: Islamic Azad University of Tabriz,[92] Daneshvaran Higher Education Institute,[93] Seraj Higher Education Institute,[94] University College of Nabi Akram,[95] Khajeh Rashid University.

There are few technical colleges, which serve the students as well: Elmi-Karbordi University of Tabriz,[96] Tabriz College of Technology,[97] Roshdiyeh Higher Education Institute of Tabriz,[98] Jahad Daneshgahi (ACECR) Higher Education Institute (East Azerbaijan Branch), Alzahra College of Technology, State Organization of Technical and Vocational Training.

There are a couple of research centers supported by Iranian government in the city including: East Azerbaijan Park of Science & Technology,[99] Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tabriz.[100][101]

Furthermore, a couple of Iranian universities have branches in Tabriz, including: Imam Hossein University, Shahid Beheshti Training Teacher Center of Tabriz.[102]

Famous high schools

Hundreds of public and private schools serve students using the Iranian education system. Students attend primary school for five years, middle school for three years, and secondary school for a final three years. Those entering university must attend one year in college first. While the prominent language in Tabriz is Azerbaijani, Persian is used in school classrooms. Some of the high schools are famous because of their history or higher educational quality.

Here is a list of most famous high schools in the city:

  • Memorial school (
    American School of Tabriz) was opened in 1891 and is one of the most famous schools of American Missionary Schools in Iran. After World War II, the school's name was changed to Parvin High School, under Iran education ministry's management. Currently, it is divided into three separate high schools, and the original building is under reconstruction. Howard Baskerville
    used to teach in Memorial school.
  • Roshdieh school is the first modern Iranian school, which was established by Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh. Currently, its building is used as the Tabriz branch of the National Iranian Documents and Library Office.
  • Vahdat Technical College is another famous school in Tabriz. It was developed by the Germans before World War II.
  • Ferdowsi high school is one of the largest and most prominent high schools in Tabriz. The original building was constructed by German engineers before World War II originally as a hospital with an aerial shape of H. Later on, it was used as Ferdowsi high school.
  • Mansur High School (established 1945) was one of the highest-ranking schools in Tabriz. Later on, the school divided into Mansur (Taleghani) High School and Motahhari high school. The reconstruction of the school in 2010 has caused tension between alumnus of the school and administrators of the education office of Tabriz.[103]
  • Shahid Madani and Farzanegan or so-called Tiz-houshan high schools (which are part of SAMPAD/NODET) were established in 1989. The students are admitted to these schools through a competitive entrance exam. These schools are famous because of the higher rate of admission of their graduates through Iranian universities entrance exam.

Religious schools

Valiasr Religious School and Talebieh Islamic Science School are two major religious schools in the city which are used for teaching Islamic literature.

Libraries

Tarbiat library
, Helal Ahmar, Shahid Motahhari, Shahriyar, Jafarieh, and Farhangsara.

Infrastructure

Health systems

A sunset view of the Vali-e-Asr district in Tabriz.

The

Ministry of Health
operates most of the public hospitals and health centers in the Tabriz metropolitan region, some of which are aligned with the Tabriz Medical School.

Transportation

Tabriz Railway Station

Public buses, shuttle taxis, metro, bikes, and personal cars are the main modes of transportation for Tabriz residents. The city has a network of public bus lines that link its districts and some suburbs to the city center. There is also a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line that runs for 18 km (11 mi) from the

West Train Station
to the Baseej Square in the far east of the city.

Tabriz Metro

Part of Tabriz subway line 1 is operational since 2015 which goes from Shahgoli to Shahriyar. Several lines are planned to connect districts of Tabriz to its city center however the construction is six years behind the schedule.[104] The government of Iran had planned to finish 6 km (4 mi) of line No.1 of the network in 2006, but this was not achieved due to financial problems and currently only half of the track for the metro line has been laid.[104]

Tabriz is linked to Europe through Turkey's roads and Bazargan (Azerbaijani, Persian: بازرگان ) border. Tabriz is connected to Tehran by Freeway 2 (Iran).

The city is linked to

Khomeyni
Street.

East Azerbaijan (since 1991). It has daily and weekly domestic flights to Tehran, Isfahan, Kish Island, Shiraz, and Mashhad. It also has daily and weekly flights to Istanbul, Tbilisi, Baghdad and Baku.[105]

Sports

Tractor
football match

Tabriz is a hub for the major sports events in the region. The city has a couple of sports complexes. The major sports complex inside the city is

soccer and cycling got more attention because of the cities teams and international events which are held in the city.[citation needed
]

Football

Football is a major part of the city's culture.

Tractor SC
is one of the most popular football clubs in Iran and Asia. Tractor play in the
Sahand Stadium
which has the capacity of 80,000 people.

In June 1976

Bagh Shomal Stadium of Tabriz hosted part of the final tournament of the AFC Asian Cup games.[106]

Futsal

The city's main

AFC Futsal Championship
in 2018.

Cycling

Tabriz is also home for

Tabriz Petrochemical Cycling Team, a cycling team which is competing in UCI
-sanctioned competitions through Asian continents.

Ski

Sahand and Yam ski resorts are located in an hour drive from Tabriz. Depending on the perception, both resorts start operation from late December till early March.

Media

Sahand TV main building

Tabriz has one state television channel called Sahand TV that broadcasts in both Persian and Azerbaijani languages. It broadcasts internationally through the Arabsat and Intelsat satellites.[107]

The city has one government-controlled radio channel broadcasting in both Persian and Azerbaijani languages.[107]

The 14 weekly magazines and 8 main newspapers published in the city include: Amin, Mahd Azadi, Asr Azadi,[108] Fajr Azarbaijan, Saeb Tabriz, Payam Noor, Navaye Misho and Saheb.[109]

Famous natives

Within its long history, Tabriz was always the origin for many Iranian illumination and modernization movements. This is why the city was the hometown of numerous Iranian dominant figures including many Iranian politicians, revolutionaries, artists, and military leaders. Here a partial list of some of the most notable people who born or lived in Tabriz.

For a complete list see: Category:People from Tabriz and List of people from Tabriz

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran

Tabriz is twinned with:[110]

Consulates

Azerbaijan and Turkey have consulate offices in Tabriz. Formerly the

collapse of the USSR in 1991.[citation needed
]

Panoramic view

Panoramic view of Tabriz from El Goli, August 2010

See also

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Sources

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Tabriz

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tabriz.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tabriz.
Preceded by
Ghazna
 Capital of Khwarazmian Empire (Persia)
1225–1231 		Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
Maragha
 Capital of Ilkhanate (Persia)
1265–1306 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
-
 Capital of
Kara Koyunlu dynasty

1375–1468 		Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
Amid
 Capital of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty
1468–1478 		Succeeded by
-
Preceded by Capital of
Safavid Empire
(Persia)
1501–1555 		Succeeded by
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