Circumambulation
Circumambulation[1] (from Latin circum around[2] and ambulātus to walk[3]) is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol.[4]
Circumambulation of temples or deity images is an integral part of
Dharmic religions
Hinduism
In many Hindu temples, the temple structure reflects the symbolism of the Hindu association of the spiritual transition from daily life to spiritual perfection as a journey through stages. Passageways for circumambulation are present through which worshipers move in a clockwise direction, starting at the sanctuary doorway and moving inward toward the
Buddhism
Also called pradakṣina or caṅkramaṇa in Sanskrit.
Zen Buddhism
In
Sikhism
In Lavan Pheras, which is performed during wedding ceremonies, the four rounds of
Abrahamic religions
Christianity
In the
Circumambulation is common in many
This is also a common practice in Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Methodist churches during Lent when Stations of the Cross services are celebrated. The priest along with altar servers process around the interior of the church visiting each of the 14 stations.
On
Islam
Tawaf (طواف) is one of the
The circling is believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, as they move in harmony together around the Kaaba, while supplicating to Allah.Judaism
Judaism uses circumambulation in the
According to the Mishnah in Tractate Middot 2:2, when a person ascended to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem on the Three Pilgrimage Festivals in the time of the Temple's existence, they would circumambulate counter-clockwise. Someone who had something bad happen to them would circumambulate clockwise so that when someone saw them going in this unusual direction the person could tell them what was wrong (i.e., they were a mourner or were excommunicated) and the person encountering them would pray for them in the name of "the One who dwells in this House."[12]
Baháʼí Faith
Followers of the
Bön
The
Freemasonry
Candidates for the three principle degrees of Freemasonry circumambulate the altar in the lodge room. It is done in a clock-wise fashion. The number of times which candidates ambulate around the altar depends on which degree is being presented.[14]
See also
- Sunwise (clockwise)
- Widdershins (counter-clockwise)
- Circle dance
- Kora (pilgrimage)
- Parikrama
- Svastika
- Sauvastika
- Stupa
References
- ^ Goblet d'Alviella, Eugène (1908). Circumambulation in: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 3, 667 – 669. Edinburgh: Clark.
- ^ "Circum-". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
- ^ "Ambulate". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-866242-4.
- ^ "Buddhamind.info: Circumambulation". Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2005-11-21.
- ISBN 1477470573.
- ^ "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary". indoarch.org. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
- ^ "Slujba Prohodului".
- ^ "Palm Sunday Marks Start of Holy Week". The Christian Post. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
- ^ "When Is Palm Sunday? Here's Everything You Need to Know". Woman's Day. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
- ISBN 0-340-60901-Xpage 76
- ^ "Mishnah Middot 2:2". www.sefaria.org.
- ^ "Circumambulation of Bahjí- from dawn until dusk". Hasten Forth. July 7, 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ISBN 0-226-53230-5.