Civilian internee
A civilian internee is a
Internment of civilians by the Japanese during World War II
Country of internment | Number of Internees | Internee deaths | Death rate | Most common nationality |
---|---|---|---|---|
Japan | 690 | 32 | 4.6% | British |
China | 9,350 | 250 | 2.6% | British |
Hong Kong | 2,535 | 127 | 5.0% | British |
Philippines | 7,800 | 453 | 5.8% | Americans |
Malaya and Singapore | 4,525 | 218 | 4.8% | British |
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) | 105,530 | 13,567 | 12.8% | Dutch |
Burma |
465 | >10 | ? | ? |
Total | 130,895 | 14,657 | 11.2%[2] |
From December 1941 to April 1942 in World War II, Japan conquered much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. In doing so, Japan acquired colonies of the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and the United States. Tens of thousands of non-combatant civilians of countries at war with Japan resided in those territories. Japan interned most of the civilians in makeshift camps located throughout the region and in China and Japan. Many of the civilians were interned for more than three years from early 1942 until the end of the war in 1945.[3]
In general, civilian internees of the Japanese were treated less harshly than were
Conditions for internees were worst in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) where large numbers of widely dispersed internees, mostly Dutch, overwhelmed Japanese resources and capabilities resulting in a high death rate for internees.[6]
Internment of civilians in occupied Germany after World War II
Long before 1945,
Well over 100,000 Germans were incarcerated by December 1945, according to Harold Marcuse. Members of the SS and functionaries of the Nazi Party and its affiliated organizations who were covered by the category of "automatic arrest" were interned by the U.S. occupation authorities in the former Dachau concentration camp. The first of these prisoners were released at the beginning of 1946.
The
The British also set up a number of camps: the former
See also
References
- ^ Waterford, Van (1994), Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, p.145
- ^ Note: Death rate of internees was approximately 300% that of people in their home countries.
- ^ Waterford, pp. 31, 45–48
- ^ Waterford, pp. 45–48
- ^ Ward, James Mace (1988), "Legitimate Collaboration: the Administration of Santo Tomas Internment Camp and its Histories, 1942-2003". Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 77, No 2, p. 192. Downloaded from JSTOR.
- ^ Waterford, pp. 299, 319