Clavelina picta

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Clavelina picta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Class: Ascidiacea
Order: Aplousobranchia
Family: Clavelinidae
Genus: Clavelina
Species:
C. picta
Binomial name
Clavelina picta
(Verrill, 1900)[1]
Synonyms

Aplidium crassum Herdman, 1886
Chondrostachys picta (Verrill, 1900)
Diazona picta Verrill, 1900
Rhodozona picta (Verrill, 1900)

Clavelina picta, common name the painted tunicate, is a species of

sessile filter feeders
.

Description

Clavelina picta have variable cool colours. The rims of the siphons are reddish to dark purple. Their bodies are translucent.[2]

Clavelina picta are invertebrate filter feeders that feed by inducing a current into the branchial cavity from the incurrent siphon, with the help of the endostyle using cilia.[3] Mucus glands in the endostyle secrete mucus used to filter through the incoming water and food particles. Once sorted, the mucus is moved by cilia to move food into the esophagus along the dorsal groove. The diet of a tunicate is mostly made of algae and plankton. Tunicates also have tentacles that keep larger particles from entering the oral siphon.

Tunicates, including C. picta, also have defensive measures such as acids or allelochemicals to inhibit microbes and predator organisms from infecting or consuming them.[4] [5] These properties make them valuable to pharmaceutical companies. Vanadium, an elemental metal is also found in some tunicates, including C. picta, as a metabolic poison and this can help make them unpalatable to predators.[6]

Taxonomy

Under the phylum Chordata, the Urochordates or Tunicata, do not have vertebrae but as larvae they have dorsal nerve cords and notochords. Tunicate larvae are also free-swimming and look like tadpoles. Larvae lose these distinctions when developing into an adult.[7] This is hypothesized to be related to the habitat tunicates have adapted to. Tunicates are the closest living relative to vertebrates.[8]

Distribution

This species is found in the waters of

Bahamas, and the Caribbean.[2]
Colonies are found in or around reefs and are mesopelagic benthic organisms staying towards the shore.

Habitat

Clavelina picta often occurs in large clusters attached to

gorgonians. Colonies may contain hundreds of individuals.[2] C. picta form colonies that may contain hundreds of individuals. Larvae settle and use papillae to attach to a surface. The larvae use sensory organs to find a suitable habitat. These larval organs include eye spots and otoliths. The eye spot is used to detect light and otoliths to help orient the larvae to gravity.[9]

Because of the toxicity or odor of their skin, tunicates have few predators but sharks, reef fish, sea stars, snails, and crabs will sometimes eat tunicates.[10]

Reproduction

Clavelina picta can reproduce through asexual and sexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through blastogenesis.[11]  Blastogenesis is reproduction through budding where somatic tissues develop into an embryo. Sexual reproduction in tunicates occurs by a single egg being fertilized. For the most part, tunicates are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess sperm and egg to reproduce independently. Fertilization occurs in the water through spawning, where the tunicates will release sperm and eggs to be fertilized and the larvae will settle next to adults.[12]

References

  1. ^ WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Clavelina picta (Verrill, 1900)
  2. ^ a b c Almost Us!? Sea Squirts, Tunicates, Ascidians, Subphylum Urochordata, Phylum Chordata pt 2
  3. JSTOR 1537654
    .
  4. JSTOR 30033833
    .
  5. PMID 34073515
    .
  6. ISSN 0171-8630
    .
  7. S2CID 235602431
    .
  8. PMID 28729899
    .
  9. PMID 28729899
    .
  10. S2CID 235602431
    .
  11. PMID 33503429
    .
  12. PMID 17984045
    .
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