Filter feeder
Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fish (including some sharks). Some birds, such as flamingos and certain species of duck, are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can play an important role in clarifying water, and are therefore considered ecosystem engineers. They are also important in bioaccumulation and, as a result, as indicator organisms.
Fish
Most
In addition to these bony fish, four types of
Arthropods
Like all arthropods, crustaceans are ecdysozoans, a clade without cilia. Cilia play an important role for many filter feeding animals, but because crustaceans don't have them, they need to use modified extremities for filter feeding instead.[8] Mysidaceans live close to shore and hover above the sea floor, constantly collecting particles with their filter basket. They are an important food source for herring, cod, flounder, and striped bass. Mysids have a high resistance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators.[citation needed]
Also some insects with aquatic larvae or nymphs are filter feeders during their aquatic stage. Such as some species of mayfly nymphs,[12] mosquito larvae,[13] and black fly larvae.[14] Instead of using modified limbs or mouthparts, some caddisfly larvae produce nets of silk used for filter feeding.[15]
Baleen whales
The
Bivalves
External image | |
---|---|
Movie clip of siphon feeding |
Bivalve shellfish recycle nutrients that enter waterways from human and agricultural sources. Nutrient bioextraction is "an environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae".[19] Nutrient removal by shellfish, which are then harvested from the system, has the potential to help address environmental issues including excess inputs of nutrients (eutrophication), low dissolved oxygen, reduced light availability and impacts on eelgrass, harmful algal blooms, and increases in incidence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). For example, the average harvested mussel contains: 0.8–1.2% nitrogen and 0.06–0.08% phosphorus[20] Removal of enhanced biomass can not only combat eutrophication and also support the local economy by providing product for animal feed or compost. In Sweden, environmental agencies utilize mussel farming as a management tool in improving water quality conditions, where mussel bioextraction efforts have been evaluated and shown to be a highly effective source of fertilizer and animal feed[21] In the U.S., researchers are investigating potential to model the use of shellfish and seaweed for nutrient mitigation in certain areas of Long Island Sound.[22]
Bivalves are also largely used as
Sponges
Sponges have no true circulatory system; instead, they create a water current which is used for circulation. Dissolved gases are brought to cells and enter the cells via simple diffusion. Metabolic wastes are also transferred to the water through diffusion. Sponges pump remarkable amounts of water. Leuconia, for example, is a small leuconoid sponge about 10 cm tall and 1 cm in diameter. It is estimated that water enters through more than 80,000 incurrent canals at a speed of 6 cm per minute. However, because Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals, water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour.[24] Such a flow rate allows easy food capture by the collar cells. Water is expelled through a single osculum at a velocity of about 8.5 cm/second: a jet force capable of carrying waste products some distance away from the sponge.
Cnidarians
The
-
An undulating live Aurelia in the Baltic Sea showing the grid in action.
-
Higher magnification showing a prey item, probably a copepod.
-
The prey is then drawn to the body by contracting the fibres in a corkscrew fashion (image taken with an ecoSCOPE).
Other filter-feeding cnidarians include
Tunicates
Birds
Prions are specialised petrels with filter-feeding habits. Their name comes from their saw-like jaw edges, used to scope out small planktionic animals.[27]
The extinct
Pterosaurs
Traditionally, Ctenochasmatoidea as a group has been listed as filter-feeders, due to their long, multiple slender teeth, clearly well adapted to trap prey. However, only Pterodaustro showcases a proper pumping mechanism, having up-turned jaws and powerful jaw and tongue musculature. Other ctenochasmatoids lack these, and are now instead thought to have been spoonbill-like catchers, using their specialised teeth simply to offer a larger surface area. Tellingly, these teeth, while small and numerous, are comparatively unspecialised to the baleen-like teeth of Pterodaustro.[28]
Marine reptiles
Filter feeding habits are conspicuously rare among
See also
- Particle (ecology)
- Planktivore
- Predation
- Spider webs – aerial biofilters,[35] with analogies to aquatic filter feeding
Notes
- ^ H. Bruce Franklin (March 2006). "Net Losses: Declaring War on the Menhaden". Mother Jones. Retrieved 27 February 2009. Extensive article on the role of menhaden in the ecosystem and possible results of overfishing.
- ^ Ed. Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly. "Rhincodon typus". FishBase. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Elasmo Research". ReefQuest. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
- ^ "Whale shark". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
- ^ Bird, Christopher (28 October 2014). "Glow in the Dark Sharks". University of Southampton. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ a b C. Knickle; L. Billingsley; K. DiVittorio. "Biological Profiles basking shark". Florida Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ Hall, Danielle. "The Massive Filter Feeding Shark You Ought to Know | Smithsonian Ocean". ocean.si.edu. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ Neuronal coordination of motile cilia in locomotion and feeding
- ^ Kils, U.: Swimming and feeding of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba - some outstanding energetics and dynamics - some unique morphological details. In Berichte zur Polarforschung, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Special Issue 4 (1983): "On the biology of Krill Euphausia superba", Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group, Editor S. B. Schnack, 130-155 and title page image.
- doi:10.1651/C-2607.1.
- ^ "Acorn Barnacles". Field Studies Council. 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ Evolution of filter-feeding in aquatic insects dates back to the Middle Triassic: new evidence from stem-group mayflies (Insecta, Ephemerida) from Grès à Voltzia, Vosges, France
- ^ Mosquito Larvae Change Their Feeding Behavior in Response to Kairomones From Some Predators
- ^ Efficiency of filter feeding of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)
- ^ The zoogeomorphology of case-building caddisfly larvae
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
- ^ "Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance". US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ The comparative roles of suspension-feeders in ecosystems. Springer. Dordrecht, 359 p.
- ^ NOAA. "Nutrient Bioextraction Overview". Long Island Sound Study.
- ^ Stadmark and Conley. 2011. Mussel farming as a nutrient reduction measure in the Baltic Sea: consideration of nutrient biogeochemical cycles. Marine Pollution Bull. 62(7):1385-8
- S2CID 25371433.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Miller and Wands. "Applying the System Wide Eutrophication Model (SWEM) for a Preliminary Quantitative Evaluation of Biomass Harvesting as a Nutrient Control Strategy for Long Island Sound" (PDF). Hydroqual, Inc.
- ^ "behaviour". Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ See Hickman and Roberts (2001) Integrated principles of zoology – 11th ed., p. 247
- ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-1-77009-241-9.
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0691150611.
- ^ Pilleri G., Marcuzzi G., Pilleri O. (1982). "Speciation in the Platanistoidea, systematic, zoogeographical and ecological observations on recent species". Investigations on Cetacea. 14: 15–46.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rieppel, O. (2002). Feeding mechanisms in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135, 33-63
- S2CID 128475420.
- PMID 27386529.
- .
- ^ "Plesiosaur Machinations XI: Imitation Crab Meat Conveyor Belt and the Filter Feeding Plesiosaur". 25 July 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- S2CID 248527088.
References
- Bullivant, JS (1968). "A Revised Classification of Suspension Feeders". Tuatara. 16 (2): 151–160.
- Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. pp. 275–286
External links
- Filter feeder of krill Archived 1 May 2002 at the Wayback Machine
- Mussel Watch Programme