Climate target

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
States by intended year of climate neutrality.
  Already climate neutral or positive[Note 1]
  2030
  2035
  2040
  2045
  2050
  2053
  2060
  2070
  Unknown or undeclared
When countries plan a ban on new fossil fuel vehiclas.
  2020s
  2030s
  2040s
  2050s
Emission budget and necessary emission reduction pathways to meet the two-degree target agreed in Paris Agreement without negative emissions, depending on the emission peak[3]
World map for Sustainable Development Goal 13 Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018.
Share of energy consumption from renewable sources for EU and EEA countries 2020 and 2021, compared to the national targets for 2020. EU28 (including United Kingdom) pledged an average of 20 percent renewable energy for 2020, and EU27 reached 22 percent.

A climate target, climate goal or climate pledge is a measurable long-term commitment for

adaptation
.

At least 164 countries have implemented climate targets in their national

climate legislation. [4]

Global climate targets

Countries' targets for when new sales of fossil fuel vehicles should be prohibited.
  2020s
  2030s
  2040s
  2050s
Emissions budget and necessary emission reduction paths to meet the Paris Agreement's 1.5-degree target (solid) and 2-degree target (dashed), depending on when the annual amount of emissions turns downward.
Number of parties in multilateral environmental agreements.[5]

Global climate targets are goals that a large number of countries have agreed upon, including at

United Nations Climate Change conferences
(COP). Targets often referred to are:

global goals
. By 2022, countries had pledged $10.3 billion to the fund.

Calculation of Emissions Targets

An emissions target or greenhouse gas emissions reduction target is a central policy instrument of international

emissions budgets, which are calculated using rate of warming per standard emission of carbon dioxide, a historic baseline temperature, a desired level of confidence and a target global average temperature to stay below.[16]

An "emissions target" may be distinguished from an

emissions budget, as an emissions target may be internationally or nationally set in accordance with objectives other than a specific global temperature. This includes targets created for their political palatability, rather than budgets scientifically determined to meet a specific temperature target.[17][18]

A country's determination of emissions targets is based on careful consideration of pledged

NDCs (nationally determined contributions), economic and social feasibility, and political palatability.[19] Carbon budgets can provide political entities with knowledge of how much carbon can be emitted before likely reaching a certain temperature threshold, but specific emissions targets take more into account. The exact way these targets are determined varies widely from country to country. Variation in emissions targets and time to complete them depends on factors such as accounting of land-use emissions, afforestation capacity of a country, and a countries transport emissions.[20]
Importantly, emissions targets also depend on their hypothesized reception.

Many emissions pathways, budgets and targets also rely on the implementation of negative emissions technology.[21] These currently undeveloped technologies are predicted to pull net emissions down even as source emissions are not reduced.

Effectiveness of Targets

Many countries' emissions targets are above the scientifically calculated

NDCs to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.[24] Many of the largest emitters of GHGs, however, are on track to push global average temperature to as much as 4 °C.[22]
Some of these projections contradict agreements made in the 2015 Paris Agreement, meaning countries are not keeping to their pledged NDCs.

In addition, it is uncertain how effective many emissions targets and accompanying policies really are.

emissions trading scheme), while seeming to have an effect on reducing production-based emissions also promoted outsourcing of emissions contributing to a further imbalance of carbon transfer among China's different provinces.[26]
The ETS evaluation also did not account for exported consumption-based emissions.

Many countries aim to reach

net zero emissions in the next few decades.[20] In order to reach this goal however, there must be a radical shift in energy infrastructure.[27] For example, in the United States, political entities are attempting to switch away from coal and oil based energy by replacing plants with natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants. [28] Other countries like the Netherlands were obligated by the District Court of Hague to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020. The Court has passed other innovations (Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell) to reduce dioxide emissions by 45% by 2030.[29]However many find this transition to not be significant enough to reach net-zero emissions.[28][30] More significant changes, for example using biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are suggested as a viable option to transition to net-zero emissions countries.[31][32]

See also


References

  1. ^ "What is the difference between carbon-neutral, net-zero and climate positive?". plana.earth. PlanA.Earth GmbH. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  2. ^ "What does climate positive mean?". go-positive.co.uk. Go Climate Positive Limited. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  3. PMID 28661507
  4. ^ harrisson, thomas (2017-05-11). "Mapped: Climate change laws around the world". The database, produced by the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Sabin Center on Climate Change Law, includes more than 1,200 relevant policies across 164 countries. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  5. ^ Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13) SDG-Tracker.org, website (2018).
  6. ^ "Industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2%". unfccc.int. 1997-12-11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  7. ^ Messetchkova, Iana (2021-11-02). "Glasgow Leaders' Declaration on Forests and Land Use". UN Climate Change conference UK 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  8. ^ Lai, Olivia (2021-11-03). "105 Countries Join Global Methane Pledge to Slash Methane Emissions 30% by 2030". Earth.Org.
  9. ^ "Homepage | Global Methane Pledge". www.globalmethanepledge.org. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  10. S2CID 4342402
    .
  11. ISSN 1748-9326
    .
  12. ISSN 1758-6798
    .
  13. ^ Friedlingstein, P., Andrew, R. M., Rogelj, J., Peters, G. P., Canadell, J. G., Knutti, R., ... & Le Quéré, C. (2014). Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets. Nature geoscience, 7(10), 709.
  14. ^ Jackson, Tim. "2050 is too late – we must drastically cut emissions much sooner". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  15. ISSN 1944-8007
    .
  16. PMID 31316194
    .
  17. S2CID 154819244
    .
  18. PMID 19706489
    .
  19. S2CID 154819244
    .
  20. ^
    PMID 33837206
    .
  21. ISSN 1748-9326
    .
  22. ^
    S2CID 154257631
    .
  23. ^ "Home | Climate Action Tracker". climateactiontracker.org. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  24. ^ "Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1" (PDF). UNFCCC secretariat. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  25. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.006
    .
  26. S2CID 225437125
    .
  27. ISSN 1469-3062
    .
  28. ^
    S2CID 226850670
    .
  29. ProQuest 2688520401
    .
  30. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.016
    .
  31. ISSN 1757-1693
    .
  32. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.077
    .

Notes

  1. greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide.[1][2]
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