Coffea charrieriana

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Coffea charrieriana

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Coffea
Species:
C. charrieriana
Binomial name
Coffea charrieriana
Stoff. & F.Anthony

Coffea charrieriana, also known as Charrier

taxonomists and scientists voted C. charrieriana as one of the top 10 species described in 2008.[4]

Taxonomy

Coffea charrieriana is classified under the

tropical Africa and Asia, of which two, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, dominate worldwide coffee plant production, making up 99% of produce.[2]

Distribution and habitat

This plant is

endemic to West Cameroon in the Bakossi Forest Reserve. It grows in a habitat of wet rainforest on rocky slopes of an altitude of 160m[2] and a mean elevation range of 300m. It is highly threatened by deforestation for logging and palm oil production in its vulnerable lowland forest habitat.[5]

History

Coffea charrieriana was discovered in 2008 and the findings were published in a paper named "A new caffeine-free coffee from Cameroon" to the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.[2] The plant was named by authors of the paper, Piet Stoffelen and Francois Anthony, in honour of Professor A. Charrier who had made significant efforts towards the coffee industry. His work included leading the coffee breeding research and collection at Institute Research for Development (IRD) for the last 30 years of the 20th century. He also held a position at the French Office of Genetic Resources (BRG) from 1988 to 1993. He is currently working as the director of research at National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), focusing on plant genetics and breeding.[2]

As a result of collaboration between the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Biodiversity International, Paris Museum of Natural History and the French Agricultural Research Centre from 1966 to 1987, coffee plants from

seed coat, anatomical observations of the leaves and biochemical analysis was undertaken. It was not until 2008, after morphological and genetic studies of this species, that it was recognised as a new species of Coffea.[2] Genotyping analysis reveals C. charrieriana to have diverged from a common ancestor 11.15 million years ago.[3]

Description

Coffea charrieriana can grow up to a range of 5–10 m (16–33 ft) in height and spread 5–7 m (16–23 ft). The shrubs can grow to 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) high,

reticulated, having a thread-like structure. The leaf also has domatia structures which are hairless. Anatomically, the leaf structure consists of an upper epidermis (20–30 μm), palisade mesophyll (20–30 μm), spongy mesophyll (45–70 μm), and lower epidermis (10–20 μm). This structure is quite similar to those found in other Coffea species.[2] However, comparatively to other Coffea species, the leaves are thin at 100–130μm thick and contain very few secondary nerves. These properties differ from other Coffea species specifically found in Central Africa, and resemble that of Phaeanthus ebracteolatus
, a wild species found in Africa. The size of the individual leaf structure components are also much smaller than the average seen in most other Coffea species. In addition, this abnormally small leaf characteristic is one of three known in Central Africa, along with C. anthonyi and C. kapakata.

There are one to two

corolla tube
, corolla lobes and anthers differ from other known Coffea species from Central Africa.

Biochemistry

Biochemical analysis of the seeds reveals that they are caffeine-free,

decaf line of seeds with lower caffeine concentrations. It also opened up the option of removing this particular gene in plants containing caffeine to create a caffeine-free plant.[10]

Compared to other Coffea, C. charrieriana along with C. canephora and C. mannii has a significantly lower

genotypes.[8]

Further genetic analysis of long tandem repeat

retrotransposons (LTR-RT), more specifically of the lineages SIRE and Del, were analysed in C. charrieriana. LTR-RT are redundant sections of the plant genome. It was found that whilst other West and Central African Coffea species contained 4.5–5.1% of SIRE lineage, C. charrieriana contained 3.2%. In addition, C. charrieriana also had the lowest percentage of Del fraction, at 13.1% compared to 14–16.2% found in other West and Central African species. This suggests that with the observations of SIRE and Del, C. charrieriana is genetically distinct to its geographical counterpart species.[13]

Coffea charrieriana also has the largest

hybridisation between C. charrieriana and a Psilanthus chloroplast, leading to a mixed genome.[14]

Alkaloids are found in many plants including coffee and tea, but only very small amounts are present in C. charrieriana. [10]

Cultivation and use

Coffea charrieriana grows in wet places with plenty of sunshine. During dry periods, the species undergoes floral bud morphogenesis, but the flowering buds do not emerge until the next rainfall event. After rain, a flowering event is seen in seven days. The time it takes for flowering of all Coffea species ranges from 5–13 days, making correct timing of hybridization difficult.[15]

Similar to other Coffea species, the fleshy fruit of C. charrieriana contains edible beans. These can be prepared by drying, roasting or grinding, generally to make coffee. As a naturally occurring caffeine-free coffee, it provides an alternative over artificially decaffeinated coffee.[16] With increasing demand for decaffeinated coffee, methods such as plant hybridization between coffee-free species, biotechnology interference of genetics and chemical extraction have been used to artificially decrease caffeine content.[17] Generally, the presence of caffeine acts on the tastebuds, giving caffeinated products a distinct flavour,[18] so as a caffeine-free species, C. charrieriana may not be preferable to coffee drinkers who prefer the taste provided by caffeine. C. charrieriana can be used in plant hybridization as the theobromine can be transferable between breeds, allowing caffeine concentration to be altered when crossed with a species containing caffeine.[10] Seeds from C. charrieriana are currently being developed to become the first naturally caffeine-free coffee available on the market, this bean being coined Decaffito by Brazilian developers.[10]

Another possible use of C. charrieriana is extracting

nutraceuticals.[19]

Coffea Diversa Farm in Costa Rica is currently[as of?] cultivating C. charrieriana.[20][dubious – discuss]

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18536873A18539476.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^
    ISSN 0024-4074
    . Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  3. ^ a b Hamon, Perla, Corrinne E. Grover, Aaron P. Davis, Jean-Jacques Rakotomalala, Nathalie E. Raharimalala, Victor A. Albert, and Hosahalli L. Sreenath et al. 2017. "Genotyping-By-Sequencing Provides The First Well-Resolved Phylogeny For Coffee (Coffea) And Insights Into The Evolution Of Caffeine Content In Its Species". Molecular Phylogenetics And Evolution 109: 351-361. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009.
  4. ^ "The Top 10 New Species, 2008". Archived from the original on 2009-05-28.
  5. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18536873A18539476.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  6. ^ Anthony F, Dussert S, Dulloo E. 2007. The coffee genetic resources. In: Engelmann F, Dulloo E, Astorga C, Dussert S, Anthony F, eds. "Complementary strategies for ex situ conservation of Coffea arabica genetic resources. A case study in CATIE, Costa Rica" 'Rome: Bioversity International, Topical Reviews in Agricultural Biodiversity', 12–22.
  7. ^ "Coffee Tree (Coffea Charrieriana) - Plants | Candide Gardening". 2020. Candide. [1]
  8. ^ a b c d Dussert, Stéphane, Andréina Laffargue, Alexandre de Kochko, and Thierry Joët. 2008. "Effectiveness Of The Fatty Acid And Sterol Composition Of Seeds For The Chemotaxonomy Of Coffea Subgenus Coffea". Phytochemistry 69 (17): 2950-2960. [2][permanent dead link]
  9. ^ a b Hamon, P., Rakotomalala, J., Akaffou, S., Razafinarivo, N., Couturon, E., Guyot, R., Crouzillat, D., Hamon, S. and de Kochko, A., 2015. Caffeine-free Species in the Genus Coffea. Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, pp.39-44.
  10. ^ a b c d Preedy, VR (ed.) 2014, Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier Science & Technology, San Diego. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [19 November 2020].
  11. ^ Mees, Corenthin, Florence Souard, Cedric Delporte, Eric Deconinck, Piet Stoffelen, Caroline Stévigny, Jean-Michel Kauffmann, and Kris De Braekeleer. 2018. "Identification Of Coffee Leaves Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy And SIMCA". Talanta 177: 4-11. [3][permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Rodríguez-Gómez, Rocío, Jérôme Vanheuverzwjin, Florence Souard, Cédric Delporte, Caroline Stevigny, Piet Stoffelen, Kris De Braekeleer, and Jean-Michel Kauffmann. 2018. "Determination Of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids In Water Extracts Of Coffee Leaves By Liquid Chromatography Coupled To An Electrochemical Detector". Antioxidants 7 (10): 143. doi:10.3390/antiox7100143.
  13. ^ Guyot, Romain, Thibaud Darré, Mathilde Dupeyron, Alexandre de Kochko, Serge Hamon, Emmanuel Couturon, and Dominique Crouzillat et al. 2016. "Partial Sequencing Reveals The Transposable Element Composition Of Coffea Genomes And Provides Evidence For Distinct Evolutionary Stories". Molecular Genetics And Genomics 291 (5): 1979-1990. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1235-7.
  14. ^ Charr, J., Garavito, A., Guyeux, C., Crouzillat, D., Descombes, P., Fournier, C., Ly, S., Raharimalala, E., Rakotomalala, J., Stoffelen, P., Janssens, S., Hamon, P. and Guyot, R., 2020. Complex evolutionary history of coffees revealed by full plastid genomes and 28,800 nuclear SNP analyses, with particular emphasis on Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 151, p.106906.
  15. ^ Noirot, M., Charrier, A., Stoffelen, P. et al. 2016. Reproductive isolation, gene flow and speciation in the former Coffea subgenus: a review. Trees 30, 597–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1335-8
  16. ^ Rafferty, John P. 2012. "Charrier Coffee | Plant". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Charrier-coffee.
  17. ^ Silvarolla, M., Mazzafera, P. & Fazuoli, L. 2004. 'A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee'. Nature 429, 826 https://doi.org/10.1038/429826a
  18. ^ Poole RL, Tordoff MG. The Taste of Caffeine. J Caffeine Res. 2017;7(2):39-52. doi:10.1089/jcr.2016.0030
  19. ^ Loizzo, Monica Rosa, and Rosa Tundis. 2019. "Plant Antioxidant For Application In Food And Nutraceutical Industries". Antioxidants 8 (10): 453. doi:10.3390/antiox8100453.
  20. ^ Wallengren, Maja. "Costa Rica takes coffee sustainability to a higher level." Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, March 2015, 24+. Gale General OneFile (accessed October 10, 2020). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A421625205/ITOF?u=usyd&sid=ITOF&xid=70552e99

The plant was growing in black slavery houses (14 february 1469) Www.coffe.plant.com

During the second sudanese civil war, the charrieriana plant had a great impact on the slave trade market. This was due to the amount of black abolitionists (18 April 1984).

www.maduras/a/2-km/.telecom

External links

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