Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia

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The United States government collaborated with the Italian Mafia during World War II and afterwards on several occasions.

Operation Underworld: Strikes and labor disputes in the eastern shipping ports

See also: Operation Underworld

During the early days of World War II, the U.S.

Clinton Prison.[3] To facilitate the negotiations, the State of New York moved Luciano from the Clinton prison to Great Meadow Correctional Facility, which is much closer to New York City.[4][5]

The State of New York, Luciano and the Navy struck a deal in which Luciano guaranteed full assistance of his organization in providing intelligence to the Navy. In addition, Luciano associate Albert Anastasia—who controlled the docks and ran Murder, Inc.—allegedly guaranteed no dockworker strikes throughout the war. In return, the State of New York agreed to commute Luciano's sentence.[6] Luciano's actual influence is uncertain, but the authorities did note that the dockworker strikes stopped after the deal was reached with Luciano.[7]

In the summer of 1945, Luciano petitioned the State of New York for

executive clemency, citing his assistance to the Navy. Naval authorities, embarrassed that they had to recruit organized-crime to help in their war effort, declined to confirm Luciano's claim. However, the Manhattan District Attorney's office validated the facts and the state parole board unanimously agreed to recommend to the governor that Luciano be released and deported immediately.[8] On January 4, 1946, Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the former prosecutor who placed Luciano into prison, commuted Lucky Luciano's sentence on the condition that he did not resist deportation to Italy.[9] Dewey stated, “Upon the entry of the United States into the war, Luciano’s aid was sought by the Armed Services in inducing others to provide information concerning possible enemy attack. It appears that he cooperated in such effort, although the actual value of the information procured is not clear.”[10][7] Luciano was deported to his homeland Italy on February 9, 1946.[11] There was a media hype of Luciano's role after his deportation. The syndicated columnist and radio broadcaster Walter Winchell even reported in 1947 that Luciano would receive the Medal of Honor for his secret services.[12]

Operation Husky: The invasion of Sicily and its aftermath

See also: Allied invasion of Sicily

Italian Americans were very helpful in the planning and execution of the invasion of

AMGOT’s most trusted employees.[16] Through the Navy Intelligence’s Mafia contacts from Operation Underworld, the names of Sicilian underworld personalities and friendly Sicilian natives who could be trusted were obtained and actually used in the Sicilian campaign.[17]

The Joint Staff Planners (JSP) for the US

Psychological Warfare in Sicily that recommended the “Establishment of contact and communications with the leaders of separatist nuclei, disaffected workers, and clandestine radical groups, e.g., the Mafia, and giving them every possible aid.” The report was approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington on April 15, 1943.[18]

Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro

Main article:
Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
See also: Sam Giancana and Santo Trafficante Jr.

Controversy and criticism

There was considerable public controversy during the late days of the war and afterwards surrounding the connection between the U.S. Government and the Mafia.

William Herlands. Herlands released his 2,600-page report in 1954, which offered proof of Luciano's involvement with the Navy without finding any wrongdoing by Dewey.[21] Naval officials reviewed the report and requested Dewey to not release it on the grounds that it would be a public-relations disaster for the Navy and it might damage future similar war efforts. Dewey agreed, and the report was not released until after his death in the mid-1970s.[20][22]

Notable scholars of the topic such as

Operation Husky.[23][24] Raab states that Luciano could not have helped during the invasion of Sicily, as he was out of touch with the Sicilian Mafia, and neither he nor the Cosa Nostra had any significant contribution to the Allied victory in Sicily. On the other hand, another scholar on the topic, Ezio Costanzo, alleges that Congressman Horan revealed that Luciano was visited 11 times by Naval Intelligence officers throughout his sentence.[25] In addition, Costanzo states that Commander Haffenden of Naval Intelligence Section F (foreign intelligence) stated in numerous reports how his men were interviewing many native-born Italians and that they were cooperating because of Luciano.[26]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Raab. p.76
  2. ^ U.S. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics. p. 101
  3. ^ U.S. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics. p. 809
  4. ^ Kelly. p. 107
  5. ^ Costanzo. pp.51-56
  6. ^ Newark. pp. 99-111
  7. ^ a b Campbell. pp. 111-127
  8. ^ Raab. p. 78
  9. ^ "DEWEY COMMUTES LUCIANO SENTENCE,", The New York Times, 04 January 1946, Retrieved 25 March 2013
  10. ^ Costanzo. p.42
  11. ^ Costanzo. p.41
  12. ^ Raab. pp.78-79
  13. ^ Luconi. p.5
  14. ^ Raab. p.77
  15. ^ Newark. p.127
  16. ^ McCoy. p. 20
  17. ^ Newark. p.126
  18. ^ Newark. p.134-135
  19. ^ Costanzo. p.64
  20. ^ a b Raab. p.79
  21. ^ Costanzo. p.66
  22. ^ Costanzo. p.40
  23. ^ Costanzo. p.77
  24. ^ Newark. pp.288-289
  25. ^ Costanzo. p.44
  26. ^ Costanzo. p.59

References
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