Copper-rumped hummingbird
Copper-rumped hummingbird | |
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S. t. erythronota, Trinidad | |
S. t. tobaci, Tobago | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Clade: | Strisores |
Order: | Apodiformes |
Family: | Trochilidae |
Genus: | Saucerottia |
Species: | S. tobaci
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Binomial name | |
Saucerottia tobaci (Gmelin, 1788)
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Range in green | |
Synonyms | |
Amazilia tobaci[3] |
The copper-rumped hummingbird (Saucerottia tobaci) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, and possibly Grenada.[4][3][5]
Taxonomy and systematics
The copper-rumped hummingbird was
The genus Saucerottia had been introduced in 1850 by the French naturalist
These seven subspecies of copper-rumped hummingbird are recognised by world-wide taxonomic systems:[4][11][3]
- S. t. monticola Todd, 1913
- S. t. feliciae (Lesson, R, 1840)
- S. t. caudata (Zimmer, JT & Phelps, 1949)
- S. t. aliciae (Richmond, 1895)
- S. t. erythronotos (Lesson, R, 1829)
- S. t. tobaci (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
- S. t. caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert, E, 1902
Description
The copper-rumped hummingbird is 9 to 11 cm (3.5 to 4.3 in) long. Males weigh 4.6 to 4.7 g (0.16 to 0.17 oz) and females 3.5 to 4.2 g (0.12 to 0.15 oz). The
Subspecies S. t. monticola is darker than the nominate and has a steel blue to violet-blue tail. S. t. feliciae's back is more of a golden-green than the nominate's and its tail is bluish black. S. t. caudata has a dark blue tail. S. t. aliciae has some copper in its upperparts, a blue-black tail, and cinnamon-rufous undertail coverts. S. t. erythronotos has slightly darker underparts than the nominate and some dark purplish in the uppertail coverts. S. t. caurensis has a grayer rump and uppertail coverts than the nominate, a dark purplish tail, and bluish black undertail coverts.[15]
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of copper-rumped hummingbird are found thus:[4][15]
- S. t. monticola, the northwestern Venezuelan states of Falcón, Lara, and Yaracuy
- S. t. feliciae, north and central Venezuela between Carabobo and Anzoátegui and south to Táchira, Apure, and Guárico
- S. t. caudata, northeastern Venezuela's states of Sucre and Monagas
- S. t. aliciae, Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela
- S. t. erythronotos, Trinidad
- S. t. tobaci, Tobago
- S. t. caurensis Bolívar and Amazonas states in southeastern Venezuela
Specimens of this species labeled as from Grenada are believed to have been actually collected on Tobago, and "the occurrence of the species in the Lesser Antilles is doubtful."[5]
The copper-rumped hummingbird inhabits a wide variety of forest types including
Behavior
Movement
The island subspecies of copper-rumped hummingbird are sedentary; the mainland ones make some local movements.[15]
Feeding
The copper-rumped hummingbird forages for nectar from at least 40 species of trees, vines, herbs, and other plants including introduced species. It is extremely territorial and vigorously defends feeding areas from other birds, even larger ones. In addition to nectar it feeds on small insects by hawking from a perch or by gleaning from vegetation.[15]
Breeding
The copper-rumped hummingbird's breeding season on Trinidad is almost year-round, excluding only September and October; its peak is from January to March. On Tobago it spans at least from November to June. The breeding seasons of mainland subspecies are essentially unknown. The species builds a nest of silky plant down with lichen on the outside. It places it like a saddle in a fork or on a small branch, usually between 1 and 3 m (3 and 10 ft) above the ground but occasionally as high as 6 m (20 ft). Nests have also been found on wires and clotheslines. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 16 to 19 days and fledging occurs 19 to 23 days after hatch. Up to three broods may be produced each season.[15]
Vocalization
The copper-rumped hummingbird's song is "a repeated phrase of three buzzy or squeaky, well-spaced notes 'tee-dee-dew' or 'tee-dzee-djit'." It also makes "high-pitched descending rattles" when foraging.[15]
Status
The
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Copper-rumped Hummingbird Amazilia tobaci". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c d HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
- ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. August 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. pp. 498–499.
- ^ Latham, John (1782). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1, Part 2. London: Printed for Benj. White. p. 781, No. 48.
- PMID 24704078.
- PMID 29245495.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
- ^ a b Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
- ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1850). Conspectus Generum Avium (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 77.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 68.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Weller, A.A., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2021). Copper-rumped Hummingbird (Saucerottia tobaci), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.corhum1.01.1 retrieved September 8, 2022
Further reading
- ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.