Cronobacter

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Cronobacter
Cronobacter sakazakii growing in a petri dish
Cronobacter sakazakii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Cronobacter
(Iversen et al. 2008)[1] (Joseph et al. 2011)[2]
Species

C. sakazakii
C. malonaticus
C. turicensis
C. muytjensii
C. dublinensis
C. universalis
C. condimenti

Cronobacter is a genus of

Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae
. Several Cronobacter species are desiccation resistant and persistent in dry products such as powdered infant formula.
galacturonate and D-maltose
. Cronobacter spp. are also generally positive for
Voges–Proskauer test) and negative for the methyl red test, indicating 2,3-butanediol rather than mixed acid fermentation
. The type species of the genus Cronobacter is Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov.

Clinical significance

Further information: Infant food safety

All Cronobacter species, except C. condimenti, have been linked retrospectively to clinical cases of infection. While cases of infection do occur in adults, these are generally non-life-threatening, and often secondary colonization to underlying health problems. Infection in infants is associated with

necrotising enterocolitis with a high case fatality rate and ongoing disablement of survivors.[citation needed
]

Increased awareness that Cronobacter are ubiquitous environmental organisms, initiatives by the

ISO
standard method for detection of these organisms has aided the infant formula industry to control their presence in manufacturing sites and products, further reducing the risk to infants. However, isolated cases can still occur, in part due to Cronobacter being ubiquitous in home environments as well.

Taxonomy

Cronobacter was first proposed as a new genus in 2007 as a clarification of the taxonomic relationship of the biogroups found among strains of

Enterobacter sakazakii.[4] This proposal was validly published in 2008 with five species and three subspecies named.[1]
The genus definition was further revised in 2012 to seven named species when a name (C. universalis) was given to a group of isolates that were deemed too few in number to accurately describe during the original taxonomic work, and a single additional isolate was also named (C. condimenti). In 2013 Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis were reclassified into the genus Cronobacter, however this was corrected in 2014 when Stephan et al. published evidence that these should be classified as Franconibacter helveticus, Franconibacter pulveris and Siccibacter turicensis respectively.[5]

Etymology

Cronobacter (Cro.no.bac'ter) is from the Greek noun

Titans of mythology, who swallowed each of his children as soon as they were born, and the New Latin masculine noun bacter
, a rod, resulting in the N.L. masc. n. Cronobacter, a rod that can cause illness in neonates.

Cronobacter sakazakii (sak.a.zaki.ī. N.L. gen. n. sakazakii, of Sakazaki) is named in honour of the Japanese microbiologist Riichi Sakazaki (ja:坂崎利一).[6]

Cronobacter malonaticus (mă.lō.nă.tĭ'cŭs) is from N.L. n. malonas -atis, malonate; L. suff. -icus, suffix used with the sense of belonging to; N.L. masc. adj. malonaticus, pertaining to the use of

malonate. The type strain, CDC 1058-77T, was isolated from a breast abscess.[6]

Cronobacter turicensis (tŭ.rĭ.sĕn'sĭs) is from the L. masc. adj. turicensis, pertaining to Turicum, the Latin name of

Zurich, Switzerland.[4]

Cronobacter muytjensii (mœ.tjәn.sĭ.ī), from the N.L. gen. n. muytjensii, of Muytjens, is named in honour of the Dutch microbiologist Harry Muytjens, who performed much of the early work on Enterobacter sakazakii.[7][8][9][10][11]

Cronobacter dublinensis (dŭb.lĭn.ĕn'sĭs, from the N.L. masc. adj. dublinensis, pertains to Dublin, Ireland, the origin of the type strain.[4]

C. dublinensis subsp. lausannensis (lô.săn.ĕn'sĭs) from the L. masc. adj. lausannensis, pertains to Lausanne, Switzerland, the origin of the type strain for this subspecies.[4]

C. dublinensis subsp. lactaridi (lăkt.ărĭd.ī), is from the L. n. lac lactis, milk, L. adj. aridus, dried, to give N.L. gen. n. lactaridi, of a dried milk.[4]

Cronobacter universalis (u.ni.ver.sa'lis) is L. masc. adj. universalis, of or belonging to all or universal.[2]

Cronobacter condimenti (con.di.men'ti) is from the L. gen. n. condimenti, of spice or seasoning, as it was first isolated in part from spiced meat.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 18523192
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 22661070
    .
  3. PMID 19720413
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 17439656
    .
  5. PMID 25028159
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.1099/00207713-30-3-569
    .
  7. PMID 6386874
    .
  8. PMID 6885983
    .
  9. PMID 3636109
    .
  10. PMID 3284901
    .
  11. PMID 2352824
    .
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