Cultural references to Samson

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man and nature. He also succeeds in his charge to battle the Philistines, more through acts of personal vengeance than by any formal military strategy. Eventually the Philistines defeat him by bribing his new love interest, Delilah
, into extracting from him the secret to his strength. Once learned, the Philistines cut his hair while he sleeps, at which point he is easily defeated.  

The stories of Samson have inspired numerous cultural references, serving as a symbol of brute strength, heroism, self-destruction, and romantic betrayal.  This article surveys these references in religion and mythology, art and literature, film and music, and folklore.

Religion and mythology

Israeli culture

Stamp of Israel dedicated to Samson, 1961

"The figure of "Samson the hero" played a role in the construction of Zionist collective memory, and in building the identity of the 'new Jew' who leaves behind exilic helplessness for Israeli self-determination," Benjamin Balint, a writer in Jerusalem, has written.

philistine) Philistine culture. Considered a basic text of Revisionist Zionism, Jabotinsky's followers found in it numerous hints of contemporary Zionist and Israeli politics. Among other things, the family name of present day Israeli politician Dan Meridor
is derived from this book. "Meridor" (literally "Generation of Rebellion") is the name given by Samson to a child in the book.

Some important Twentieth century

Hebrew poems have also been written about the Bible hero. More recently, elite Israeli combat units have been named "Samson", and the Israeli nuclear program was called the "Samson Option".[1]

Noam Chomsky and others have said Israel suffers from a "Samson complex" which could lead to the destruction of itself as well as its Arab enemies.[1]

Basque mythology

There is an elaboration of the biblical character in

Basque
.

Art

Anthony van Dyck, Samson and Delilah (ca 1630).
Lovis Corinth, The blinded Samson (1912).
Samson Slaying a Philistine, by Giambologna (c. 1562).
Samson, a relief on the facade of the Leibniz House, Hanover, destroyed in 1934 and recreated in 1983 by Georg Arfmann.

Samson has been a popular subject for painting and sculpture:[2]

Anonymous:

  • Samson Destroying the Pillars of the Philistine Temple, ca. 1600. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
  • Display Cabinet (with figure of Delilah cutting Samson's Hair), 1620s.
    Getty Museum
    .
  • The Women at the Tomb (with scene from Samson and the Lion), Unknown German, c. 1170s.
    Getty Museum
  • Samson Destroys the Temple, Unknown German Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

Literature

  • In the 14th century in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales", in the Monk's tale, Samson is described. His name is also used to describe the sound of a drunkard's snoring in the Pardoner's tale.
  • In 1656, the Spanish crypto-Jew, Antonio Enríquez Gómez, published Sansón Nazareno: Poema heróico, a Spanish-language heroic epic version of the Samson story.[3][4]
  • In 1671, John Milton made him the sympathetic hero of his blank verse tragedy Samson Agonistes.
  • In 1724,
    Hebrew play ever written on the subject of Samson.[1]
  • Benjamin Franklin is credited with the witty quatrain: "Jack, eating rotten cheese, did say, / Like Samson I my thousands slay: / I vow, quoth Roger, so you do, / And with the self-same weapon too."
  • In 1842, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published his poem "The Warning", included in his Poems on Slavery - in which the poet warned Americans of a coming violent outbreak because of Slavery and compared the Black slaves with the chained Samson who pulled down the Gaza Temple.
  • In 1847, Charlotte Brontë compared Rochester to Samson in Jane Eyre: "The caged eagle, whose gold-ringed eyes cruelty has extinguished, might look as looked that sightless Samson."
  • In
    Rawdon Crawley
    are compared to Samson and Delilah.
  • In 1903 Paul Laurence Dunbar published the poem "Black Samson of Brandywine" about a Black soldier during the 1777 Battle of Brandywine in Lyrics of Love and Laughter.
  • In 1926,
    Vladimir Jabotinsky published his historical novel, Samson (see "Israeli culture" above for details). The Biblical setting served Jabotinsky as a metaphor for contemporary Zionist politics and the current situation in Mandatory Palestine. The book earned Jabotinsky a credit on the 1949 Hollywood movie Samson and Delilah.[1]
    2
  • In 1952, Ralph Ellison made reference to Samson in his novel Invisible Man saying, "Whoever else I was, I was no Samson. I had no desire to destroy myself even if it destroyed the machine; I wanted freedom, not destruction."
  • In 1961, Joseph Heller's Catch-22 includes a character named Kid Sampson, a young, strong soldier who was cut in half by the propeller of a plane by a dare devil pilot flying too close to the beach.
  • In 1961, the biblical Samson appeared in a DC Comics "imaginary story" in Action Comics #279, briefly marrying Superman's childhood friend Lana Lang. In 2005, a character based on Samson also made an appearance in Grant Morrison's All-Star Superman alongside Atlas.
  • In 1971 the Marvel Comics character Doc Samson debuted in The Incredible Hulk. He is a psychiatrist who is exposed to gamma radiation that causes his hair to grow long and green. Also, like the real Samson, his strength depends on the length of his hair.
  • In 2006, David Grossman's novel Lion's Honey: The Myth of Samson was published.
  • In 2006, David Maine published his novel The Book of Samson, the third of his Biblical series of novels which also includes Fallen and The Preservationist.
  • Carol Ann Duffy's poetry anthology The World's Wife contains a poem entitled "Delilah", which sympathetically follows the eponymous character in the Biblical story.
  • In the
    Image comics series Invincible an African-American character with great strength is named Black Samson
    .
  • In 2002, Mario Ruiz and Jerry Novick published a graphic novel version called Samson: Judge of Israel through the American Bible Society.
  • In 2011, Ginger Garrett published her novel, Desired: The Untold Story of Samson and Delilah, which tells the story of Samson from the perspective of the three main women in his life: his mother, his wife, and Delilah.
  • In 2012, Justin Reed published a graphic novel, "Samson: Blessed Savior of Israel," which draws from a wide range of resources in previous scholarship and literature on Samson to create a fresh perspective on the Samson story.

Film

The most detailed film version of the Biblical Samson was the 1949

1996, retold the story of Samson and Delilah. Another film, Samson
, was made in 2018.

The Samson character was featured in a series of five sword-and-sandal adventure films made in Italy in the 1960s, as follows:

Other films based on the story of Samson and Delilah include:

Music

Classical

Other

Blind Willie Johnson – "If I Had My Way / I'd Tear the Building Down" (recorded 1927), the lyrics relate to Samson's marriage to Delilah and his slaying of the lion, often covered as "Samson and Delilah"

Louis Jordan – Ain't That Just Like a Woman (1946): "Samson thought Delilah was on the square, Till one night she clipped him all his hair"

In 1965, Bob Dylan wrote "Tombstone Blues" in which he makes a reference to Samson in the lines "I wish I could give Brother Bill his great thrill/and set him in chains on top of the hill/Then send out for some pillars and Cecil B. DeMille." The second and third lines are references to Samson's death, while Cecil B. Demille is the director who made the movie depicting the Samson story.

Michael Hurd
's pop cantata "Swingin' Samson" (1973) is a toned-down children's musical version of the story.

British rock band Procol Harum has a song called "As Strong as Samson" on their album "Exotic Birds and Fruits" from 1974.

Samson (referred to as 'Sam' and 'Sammy') and Delilah are among the couples mentioned in

Bang Bang
.

Bad Manners have a song called "Samson And Delilah" that is available in a single version and in a longer "Biblical Version" on the album "Forging Ahead" from 1982.

Mark Alburger's opera-oratorio, Samson and Delilah (The Frank Judges), dates from 1998, with an updated short version, "Sex and Delilah" written for and performed by San Francisco Cabaret opera in May 2009.

Drone/Experimental band Earth (American band) released an album in 2008 entitled The Bees Made Honey in the Lion's Skull, a reference to Samson's riddle. Although instrumental, the album explores the theme of beauty arising from rot and decay.

Heads Held High, (a melodic hardcore band from Cleveland, Ohio), has a song titled "Samson Gets a Haircut" on their 2008 release, So Say We All.

Samson's interactions with Delilah are referenced in the Moses Hogan piece "Witness," at which point Hogan describes Delilah's cutting of Samson's hair and Samson's reaction towards the Philistines

Freddie Mercury, the former lead singer and pianist of Queen, wrote a song called "My Fairy King" (from their debut album) that has the lyric "dragons fly like sparrows through the air/and baby lambs where Samson dares".

The song "Rastaman Live Up" on

Confrontation
, contains the lyrics "Samson slew the Philistines, with a donkey jawbone".

The Grateful Dead played the song "Samson & Delilah" from the mid-1970s and throughout their career. The song is a traditional song, cataloged by Alan Lomax in his encyclopedic "Folk Songs of North America" which Bob Weir learned from Reverend Gary Davis.[9] Dave Van Ronk also sings the song on his "Folksinger" album. The lyrics cover some parts of Samson's history, notably his fight with the lion. Shirley Manson of Garbage fame recently recorded a cover of "Samson & Delilah" for the TV show "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" Season Two premiere episode which is also called "Samson & Delilah".[10]

Indie-rock artist Boy in a Jar has a song called "Six Thieves" that heavily references the story of Samson.

The album

Godley and Creme
features a song "Samson" with references to Delilah.

The song "

My Defenses Are Down" from the musical Annie Get Your Gun
contains the line, "Like Samson, without his hair".

The Pixies' song "Gouge Away" is based on Samson's story.

Leonard Cohen wrote the song "Hallelujah" which makes references to Samson and Delilah. A later album, Popular Problems contains the song 'Samson in New Orleans', which contains the lines "Stand me by those pillars/Let me take this temple down".

The Cranberries have a song called "Delilah" written from the perspective of a woman fighting off a conniving temptress.

Mandy Moore and Jonathon Foreman (from Switchfoot) have a song called "Someday We'll Know" for the movie

A Walk To Remember
with references to Samson and Delilah in the chorus.

Bishop Allen released a song called "Empire City" that references Samson with the lines: "Samson suffered the same fame fate, powerless and losing his hair."

New Radicals made a song called "Someday We'll Know" which referenced Samson and Delilah.

Eric "Monty" Morris, vocalist of The Skatalites, made a song called "Strongman Samson" with clear references to the biblical story. Samson is hereby portrayed as "the strongest of men" hero, although all his strength is taken from a woman. Saying that "it's so clear to understand", Morris suggests that women always had such a power over men.

Regina Spektor has a song called "Samson". The song is told from the point of view of his first wife, telling an alternate version of Samson's story in which she cuts his hair and he never kills any Philistine, therefore ending up not being mentioned by the Bible.

Indie-rock band mewithoutYou references the story of Samson twice in the song "In a Market Dimly Lit" from the album Brother, Sister. In the first chorus, the lyrics read, "I'm a donkey's jaw," referencing the weapon used by Samson to slay a thousand Philistines. In the second chorus, singer Aaron Weiss proclaims, "If I was Samson, I'd have found that harlot's blade and cut my own hair short."

Samson is a recurring subject in songs by Christian parody band

Daryl Hall and John Oates
).

Big Daddy Kane references Samson in his song "Ain't No Half Steeppin'."

Deathwish Of Samson is a new metalcore band hailing from the Niagara region of Ontario, Canada.

The song "En Hakkore" by Christian thrash metal band Tourniquet (band) is about the story of Sampson, En Hakkore being the name of the spring that burst forth in answer to his final prayer.

Neil Sedaka recorded the song "Run, Samson, Run" which is based upon the Biblical account. He refers to Delilah as "a cheatin' gal who brought him tragedy" and advises Samson to run from her. At the end of the song, he advises all guys that "there's a little of Delilah in each and every gal."

Alternative singer PJ Harvey mentions the story of Samson and Delilah in her song "Hair."

The Arctic Monkeys music video Black Treacle is a take on the story of Samson and the lion.

Christian comedian Tim Hawkins wrote a parody of the Plain White-T's song "Hey There, Delilah" based on the story of Samson and Delilah.

Bruce Springsteen wrote a song called "Fire" which makes reference to Samson and Delilah.

R&B singer-songwriter Frank Ocean refers to Samson in his song "Pyramids," with the line "I found you laying down with Samson and his full head of hair."

Florence Welch refers to the biblical story of Samson and Delilah in the Florence + The Machine's song "Delilah", with lines like "As I pull the pillars down" or "why can't you let me know?" referring to Delilah asking Samson for the secret of his strength. In the music video of the song, an empowered Welch is seen cutting the hair off to an unknown lover.

Commerce

A tin of Lyle's Golden Syrup

Lyle's Golden Syrup has a picture of bees in the lion which Samson had killed, with Samson's riddle Out of the strong came forth sweetness.[citation needed
]

Architecture

The famous Harland & Wolff cranes in Belfast are known as Samson and Goliath (cranes) respectively.[citation needed]

Samson parades

Samson parade Mauterndorf/Austria

Annual parades of Samson figure in 10 different villages in the

Steiermark (Austria). For more information see Wikipedia in German de:Samsonfigur or French fr:Samson (géant processionnel). Samson is also one of the giant figures at the "Ducasse" festivities, which takes place at Ath, Belgium
.

Television

In a 1967 Lost in Space episode, "Collision of Planets," Dr. Smith gains Samson-like strength dependent on his new head of green hair.

The story of Samson is parodied in the animated television series Pinky and the Brain, in the episode "A Little Off the Top." In this story, the Brain attempts to learn the source of Samson's strength, so that he may acquire it and use it to take over the world. The version of Samson that appears here is based on Victor Mature's performance in the film Samson and Delilah. Inexplicably, the Delilah character speaks only Yiddish.

One of the main characters of the animated series The Venture Bros. is named Brock Samson. Like the Biblical hero, he has long flowing hair and incredible strength, as well a short, violent temper. He also is capable of unarmed combat with wild animals (gavials and polar bears, among others), like the Biblical Samson who fought a lion. He also engages in romantic relationships with morally ambiguous women. However, his strength seems to have no relation to his hair; indeed, he cuts it off himself at one point to lay a trap for hitman pursuing him, with no ill effects. Season 4, episode 10 "Pomp and Circuitry", a direct reference to the biblical story of Samson is made. However, the person referred to as "...that Jewish guy who lost all his powers when they cut his hair off" is not the presumed biblical Samson (or jokingly Brock Samson), but rather Lenny Kravitz.

In the proposed

Goliath
, he was strong and chosen for a leadership role at a young age. He leads a small group of gargoyles and humans in a resistance against an alien threat that has invaded the Earth. Little else is known of his character or similarities to his Biblical counterpart, as the series never came to fruition.

In the Donkey Kong Country animated television series, the first episode of the first season, titled "Bad Hair Day", contains explicit references to the Samson story. In the show, Donkey Kong is the protector of the Crystal Coconut, a powerful magical artifact, and the antagonist of King K. Rool curses Donkey Kong to remove his strength to allow him to gather the power he so craves. The curse is set through a verbal incantation and the cutting of the target's hair, the latter of which connects to Samson, and Donkey Kong's strength is only restored when his hair grows back through the usage of Diddy Kong's "Banana bulls-eye".

Other

Within the Marvel franchise, there is a character known as 'Doc Samson' (born Leonard "Leo" Samson), who was exposed to gamma radiation and gained incredible strength. As with most comic book heroes there are multiple versions of this, however, a common trait seems to be that after the radiation exposure, Samson's hair grows at least a foot and takes on a green colouring.

Samson is a playable character in the video game series The Binding of Isaac, first being introduced in the Wrath of the Lamb expansion of the original game. He becomes more powerful the more damage he takes thanks to his Bloody Lust item. The same game also features an item named Samson's Lock, referring to a lock of cut hair, which acts in a similar way to its namesake character.[11] As of the release of the Repentance DLC for the game, a "tainted" variation of each character was released. Each of these characters has their own unique mechanic, with the mechanic of Tainted Samson being his use of the item Berserk!, which when activated will grow the character's hair, switch the method of attack to the use of a donkey's jawbone, give temporary immortality, and has the description "Slay a thousand".

Samson appears as a Berserker-class Servant in the 2023 video game Fate/Samurai Remnant.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Balint, Benjamin, "Eyeless in Israel: Biblical metaphor and the Jewish state," review of Lion's Honey: The Myth of Samson, by Benji Segal, The Weekly Standard, October 30, 2006, pages 35–36
  2. ^ "Links to Images of Samson", "The Text This Week Lectionary, Scripture Study and Worship Links and Resources". Accessed November 2, 2006
  3. ^ Enríquez Gómez, Antonio. Sansón Nazareno: Poema heróico. Ed. Moshe Lazar. Lancaster, California: Labyrinthos, 2007.
  4. ^ There is another modern edition of Sansón Nazareno edited and introduced in Spanish by María del Carmen Artigas. However, riddled with spelling errors, it is less reliable than Moshe Lazar's more recent edition. The Artigas edition can be previewed in Google Books.
  5. ^ Liddle, Madhulika (22 July 2009). "Aurat (1953)". Dustedoff.
  6. ISBN 978-1-317-36223-4
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 9780851706696
    . Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  8. ^ "Aaj Ka Samson". Eros Now.
  9. ^ "Grateful Dead Lyric & Song Finder". Lyrics for the traditional song "Samson & Delilah". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  10. hdl:2292/25834. Archived from the original
    on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  11. ^ Nicalis (November 4, 2014). The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth (PC). Nicalis.
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