Demetrius of Pharos
Demetrius of Pharos | |
---|---|
King | |
King of Ardiaean | |
Reign | c. 222 – 219 BC |
Predecessor | Teuta |
Successor | Scerdilaidas |
Died | 214 BC Messene |
Consort | Triteuta |
Ancient Greek | Δημήτριος ἐκ Φάρου |
Dynasty | Ardiaean |
Demetrius of Pharos (also Pharus) (
Demetrius was a regent ruler to
Early career
Demetrius, described as
First Illyrian War
In 229 BC, continuing the expansion of Illyrian power that Agron had begun, Teuta systematically
When the Romans were on their way to relieve Corcyra during the
Revival of power
The decade after 229 BC witnessed a revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius who succeeded Teuta. In or around 222 BC Demetrius became official regent of the Ardiaean Kingdom by marrying Triteuta, Agron's first wife and the mother of Pinnes. Personally beneficial for Demetrius, the marriage also gave the kingdom a competent regency for the first time since 229 BC. The king began to renew traditional Illyrian ties with Macedonia.[13] In 222 BC an Illyrian corps of 1600 men under the command of Demetrius fought with distinction at the Battle of Sellasia, where the Macedonians won a conclusive victory over the Spartans.[14] After Sellasia, Demetrius began attempting to extend his control over Illyria at the expense of Rome.[15]
Before 222 BC Rome was preoccupied with a war against the
In 220 BC Demetrius and the Illyrian commander,
After returning to the Ardiaean Kingdom, Demetrius continued operations during the following winter, attacking and seizing Roman allied cities and communities in southern Illyria.
The Second Illyrian War
Unlike Teuta in 229 BC, Demetrius was well prepared for the Roman invasion. He first placed a garrison in
In 219 BC, having decided that Dimallum was crucial to Demetrius' power in the region, the consul prepared to besiege the city but was able to take it by direct assault within seven days.
Aftermath
The Romans destroyed the fortifications of Pharos and before the summer was over Aemilius was back in Rome receiving congratulations for a job well done. Any threat to the Roman holdings in Illyria had been eliminated, all the gains of the First Illyrian War had been secured, and the old restrictions of movement reimposed on the Illyrian kings.
The weak Ardaeai State soon fell prey to Macedonia while the partial destruction brought onto the scene the urban koina of the Parthini, Byllines, Amanatini and others.[30]
Court counselor of Macedonia
Demetrius was received warmly by the young king whose father was also called Demetrius, becoming one of Philip's most trusted advisors. According to Polybius, Demetrius was instrumental in turning Philip's ambitions toward Illyria and Rome. In 217 BC when Philip learned of the victory of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, over the Romans, at Lake Trasimene, Philip at first showed the letter only to Demetrius. Perhaps seeing a chance to recover his possessions in Illyria and exact a measure of revenge on Rome, Demetrius immediately advised the young king to make peace with the Aetolians, with whom Philip was at war, and turn his attentions westward. In summarising the strategy needed for the situation, Polybius states that Demetrius said:
For Greece is already entirely obedient to you, and will remain so: the Achaeans from genuine affection; the Aetolians from the terror which their disasters in the present war have inspired them. Italy, and your crossing into it, is the first step in the acquirement of universal empire, to which no one has a better claim than yourself. And now is the moment to act when the Romans have suffered a reverse.[31]
Philip was easily convinced and followed Demetrius' advice.
… he thought it a matter of the most vital importance to bring Illyria into a state of good order, with a view to the success of all his projects, and above all of his passage into Italy. For Demetrius was so assiduous in keeping hot these hopes and projects in the king's mind, that Philip even dreamed of them in his sleep, and thought of nothing else but this Italian expedition. The motive of Demetrius in so acting was not a consideration for Philip, for he certainly did not rank higher than third in the calculations of Demetrius. A stronger motive than that was his hatred of Rome: but the strongest of all was the consideration of his own prospects. For he had made up his mind that it was only in this way that he could ever recover his principality in Pharos.[34]
Such "dreams" eventually led to war with Rome, the First Macedonian War, and then the Second Macedonian War.
Polybius also blamed Demetrius' influence for Philip's tyrannical behavior.[35] One incident involved Philip's apparent role in a massacre carried out by the people against their leaders that occurred at Messene in 215 BC.[36] Arriving on the scene the day after the massacre and wanting to seize the acropolis, Philip asked his advisors whether the entrails of a sacrifice which had been made indicated that he should quit the citadel or hold it. Demetrius responded by saying: if you have the heart of an augur, quit it as quick as you can, but as a gallant and wise king, keep it, lest if you quit it now you may never have so good an opportunity again, for it is by thus holding the two horns that you can alone keep the ox under your control.[37]
However, in this instance Philip took the more moderate advice of Aratus of Sicyon, who advised him to leave. Nevertheless, the incident at Messene marked, the beginning of Philip's deterioration of character, as well as his loss of popularity.[38] Comparing Demetrius to Aratus, Polybius says that the life of Aratus sufficiently proved that he would not have committed such an act of wickedness, but that such principles exactly suited Demetrius of Pharos.[39] The moderating influence of Aratus had caused the Greeks to regard Philip with favour, owing to the greatness of character which he displays, while under Demetrius' guidance, Philip lost the goodwill of the allies and his credit with the rest of Greece[40]
Demetrius was killed the following year attempting to take Messene. After having rejected Demetrius' advice the previous year, Philip had returned in 214 BC, resolved to follow it.[41]
See also
- Illyrian warfare
- Illyrian Wars
- Macedonian Wars
- List of rulers of Illyria
- Scerdilaidas
- Philip V
Notes
- ^ Strabo, Geography, 7.5.5
- ^ Hammond, p. 257.
- ^ Budin (2000), p. 87; McGeough (2004), p. 69; Champion (2004), p. 113; Scullard (1980), p. 193; Chamoux, p 97; Sinnige, p. 104
- ^ Šašel Kos (2012).
- ^ Walbank (2002), p. 117; Hoyos, p. 201; Edwards, p. 475.
- ^ Wilkes, p. 115.
- ^ Wilkes, p. 162.
- ^ Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, p. 136.
- ^ Polybius, 2.10; Wilkes, p. 160.
- ^ Polybius II,11,6
- ^ Wilkes, p. 161; Polybius, 2.11.
- ^ Polybius, 2.12.
- ^ Wilkes, p. 162; Errington, p. 91.
- ^ Polybius, 2.65.
- ^ Polybius, 3.16.
- ^ Appian, Illyrike 8
- ^ Polybius, 3.16, 4.16, 4.19.
- ^ For the Rhodians, who made their living as maritime traders, piracy was a serious problem; with Macedon and Egypt having abandoned their control in the Aegean, it fell to Rhodes to police these waters. See: Walbank (1970), p. 109 and Strabo, 14.2.5.
- ^ Polybius, 4.19.
- ^ Hammond 1968
- ^ Dell 1967b
- ^ Polybius, 3.16.1.
- ^ Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. By A. E. Astin, F. W. Walbank, M. W. Frederiksen
- ^ Wilkes, p. 163.
- ^ Appian, (Illyrike 8)
- ^ Polybius, 3.18–19.
- ^ Polybius (3.18-19)
- ^ Cassiu Dio. 12 frg.53
- ^ Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 134
- ^ The Illyrians to the Albanians by Neritan Ceka pg~122-123
- ^ Polybius, 5.101.
- ^ Polybius, 5.102–105.
- ^ Polybius, 7.9.
- ^ Polybius, 5.108.
- ^ Polybius, 5.12.
- ^ Strabo 8.4.8; Livy 32.21; Plutarch, Aratus 49.3; Walbank (1970), p. 72.
- ^ Polybius, 7.11.
- ^ Polybius, 7.12.
- ^ Polybius, 7.13.
- ^ Polybius, 7.14.
- ^ Polybius, 3.19; Walbank (1970), p. 78.
References
- Ancient
- Livy, History of Rome, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
- ISBN 0375756779.
- Evelyn S. Shuckburgh(translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
- ISBN 0-674-99246-6.
- Secondary
- Chamoux, François, Hellenistic civilization, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 9780631222422.
- Coppola, Alessandra (1993). Demetrio di Faro: un protagonista dimenticato. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-7062-845-6.
- Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen, The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 7, Part 1, University Press, 1984.
- Errington, R.M. (1993). "Rome and Greece to 205 B.C.". In Walbank, F.W.; Astin, A.E. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23448-4.
- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière, Collected Studies: Alexander and His Successors in Macedonia, 1994.
- Hoyos, B. Dexter, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Walter de Gruyter, 1998. ISBN 9783110155648.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2012), "Demetrios of Pharos", in Bagnall, Roger S (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6
- Sinnige, William Gurnee, Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, A History of Rome to A.D. 565, Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 9780024108005.
- Walbank, F. W., Philip V of Macedon, The University Press (1940).
- Walbank, F. W., Polybius, Rome, and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections, Cambridge University Press (2002), ISBN 9780521812085.
- Wilkes, John, The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe), Blackwell Publishers, (December 1, 1995) ISBN 0-631-19807-5.