Drive by wire
Drive by wire or DbW technology in the automotive industry is the use of electronic or electro-mechanical systems in place of mechanical linkages that control driving functions. The concept is similar to
Driver input is traditionally transferred mechanically to the motor and wheels through a
Properties
Dispensing with mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; simplifies service and tuning; reduces the force required to engage inputs and allows it to be customized with
Each drive-by-wire system leads to more actuator in the vehicle and therefore greater energy consumption. For instance, the drive-by-wire technology adds actuator motors to create the torque needed to turn the wheels, and a feedback transducer to create the "road feel" on the steering wheel.
Safety considerations require redundancy of driver input sensors, vehicle communication networks, actuators,[6] and other systems. Automotive safety standards such as ISO 26262 require drive-by-wire fail-operational and fail-safe behaviors.[7]
Safety and security
Failures in drive by wire systems can lead to potential hazardous situations where safety depends entirely on the vehicle's
Early by-wire systems had mechanical backup systems in case the by-wire systems failed.[3] The modern drive by wire paradigm dispenses with mechanical backups, and relies on redundancy, fail-operational systems, and other safety and security measures: computational redundancy through lockstep CPUs; functional redundancy through modular design where the failure of one module is compensated by an identical module, for example by torque vectoring to compensate for a failed steering or braking module; multi-sensor fault detection; self-isolation of damaged systems; and fault-tolerant communication. Such fail-safes are specified by the ISO 26262 standard level D.[7]
Assessment and standardization of drive-by-wire
Systems
Brake by wire
A brake-by-wire system eliminates the need for a mechanical connection that transfers force between the brakes and a driver input apparatus such as a
Shift by wire
Shift-by-wire employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the
Steer by wire
A vehicle equipped with a steer-by-wire system is able to steer some or all of its wheels without a
A vehicle with a steer-by-wire system may be manually controlled by a driver through a steering wheel, a yoke, or any other steering apparatus which is connected to one or more electronic control units, which uses the input to control steering actuators that turn the wheels and steer the vehicle. The steering wheel or yoke may be equipped with haptic feedback to simulate road feel and wheel resistance, and change depending on the vehicle speed or customizable settings.[15][16]
Throttle by wire
Accelerate-by-wire or throttle-by-wire,[17] more commonly known as electronic throttle control, is a system that actuates vehicle propulsion without any mechanical connections, such as cables, from the accelerator pedal to the throttle valve of the engine or other propulsion systems. In electric vehicles, this system controls the electric motors by sensing the accelerator pedal input and sending commands to the power inverter modules.
References
- ^ a b SpeedE – Forschungsplattform, ika – Institute for Motor Vehicles of RWTH Aachen University, 2016
- ^ a b Austin Weber (March 26, 2010), "Wire Processing: Drive-by-Wire", Assembly Magazine
- ^ S2CID 258033364.
- S2CID 253697706.
- ^ Chris Rosamond (January 12, 2024), "World first 'everything-by-wire' vehicle breaks all mechanical links to driver", Auto Express
- ^ ISBN 978-3-642-16213-8
- ^ a b Arunkumar Sampath, "Toward functional safety in drive by wire vehicles" (PDF), Mobility Engineering (December 2020)
- ^ Checkoway, Stephen. "Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces". YouTube. Archived from the original on May 31, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ Greenberg, Andy. "Hackers Reveal Nasty New Car Attacks—With Me Behind The Wheel (Video)". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ a b Greenberg, Andy. "Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway—With Me in It". Wired. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ ZF presents MOBILITY by-wire technology at IAA, 2023
- ^ Georg Kacher (July 10, 2023), "2024 Lotus Eletre review: First international drive", Which Car?
- S2CID 216374738
- ^ Lydia Saß (July 26, 2023), "25 Jahre PARAVAN", barrierefrei-magazin.de
- ^ a b Chris Perkins (March 17, 2023), "How Toyota Is Making the Case for Steer-By-Wire", Road & Track
- ^ Jancer, Matt. "Take a Look Inside the First Steer-by-Wire Car". Wired. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ John Fuller (April 28, 2009), "How Drive-by-wire Technology Works", HowStuffWorks