Durvillaea antarctica
Durvillaea antarctica | |
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Durvillea antarctica. Washed up on Sandfly Bay, Otago, New Zealand | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Stramenopiles |
Phylum: | Gyrista |
Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
Class: | Phaeophyceae |
Order: | Fucales |
Family: | Durvillaeaceae |
Genus: | Durvillaea |
Species: | D. antarctica
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Binomial name | |
Durvillaea antarctica (
Chamisso ) Hariot |
Durvillaea antarctica, also known as cochayuyo and rimurapa,
Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1822,[8] as Fucus antarcticus, and revised in 1892 as Durvillaea antarctica.[9] The genus name Durvillaea was given in memory of the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville, while the Latin derived epithet refers to antarctic.[10]
In 2012, a taxonomic revision led to the recognition of a new species,
Further diversity, with additional unclassified lineages have been identified within the species.[5][12]
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Description
The blades of Durvillaea antarctica are green to golden brown with a leathery texture. The honeycomb structure of the blade gives strength and buoyancy.[6][7] This novel structure is thought to be responsible for the wide distribution of this genus, as the kelp is able to float when its holdfast fails. It can colonise other coastlines in this manner, and has been shown to carry communities of invertebrates across vast ocean distances from one shore to another.[14] Specimens of D. antarctica have been found to float for up to 210 days, during which time high wind speeds transport kelp rafts up to 10,000 km.[15] Environmental factors such as temperature, solar radiation and surface winds (all of which vary with latitude) affect buoyancy of rafts and their rate of travel.[15] Rafts of D. antarctica are more likely to disperse offshore if plants detach during outgoing tides during autumn and winter.[16] It is thought that this 'rafting' with Durvillaea antarctica and other floating seaweeds allowed a wide range of species to recolonise sub-Antarctic shores scoured clean by ice during the last Ice Age.[17]
The holdfast of D. antarctica is large and is very difficult to remove. D. antarctica has to resist forces equivalent to 1100 km/h on land.[18][clarification needed] The holdfast failing is usually the result of worms and molluscs which feed on the tissue because of the sheltered habitat it creates.[19] It is also common for its host rock to be broken off without the holdfast losing its grip, with this contributing significantly to erosion in some areas.[2] Recruitment rates of this species is very low, therefore the ecological impact of harvesting this species is too great.[19]
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Cross-section revealing the honeycomb structure of blades
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Another cross-section
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The long, narrow and dark blades of D. antarctica
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Illustration of D. harveyi, now D. antarctica, by Walter Hood Fitch for J. D. Hooker's Flora Antarctica, 1843–1859
Life cycle
Durvillaea antarctica reproduces sexually by producing egg and sperm that are released into the water. Eggs and sperm are produced on specific sites of the frond. A large individual can produce 100 million eggs in twelve hours.[19] The season when reproduction occurs varies with location, but is generally during winter months.[20] Eggs are small and disperse over short distances, and they generally require calm or moderate wave action in order to settle and successfully attach to substrates.[21]
Distribution
Durvillaea antarctica has a circumpolar distribution between the latitudes of 29°S and 55°S, found in Chile, southern New Zealand, and Macquarie Island.[2][3][4][5][22][23][24] The type locality is Cape Horn, Chile.[6][20]
It is found on exposed shores, especially in the northern parts of its range, and attaches itself with a strong holdfast.[2][3]
Epifauna, parasites and rafting
Holdfasts of D. antarctica are often inhabited by a diverse array of
Plants of D. antarctica can detach from substrates, particularly during storms. The kelp floats as a raft and can travel vast distances at sea, driven by ocean currents. Kelp-associated invertebrates can be transported inside of drifting holdfasts, potentially leading to long-distance dispersal and a significant impact upon the population genetic structure of those species.[26][27][28][29]
Fronds of D. antarctica can be infected by an endophytic, phaeophycean algal parasite
Human use
Chilean culture
Use in cuisine
Stems and holdfasts of D. antarctica and D. incurvata are harvested from the coast of Chile and is used in Chilean cuisine for various recipes, including salads and stews.[5] In Quechua the species is called: cochayuyo (cocha: lake, and yuyo: weed), and hulte.[5] The Mapuche indigenous people refer to it as collofe or kollof.[5][38]
Expression
The expression remojar el cochayuyo (literally: to soak the cochayuyo) is used in Chilean Spanish to refer to sexual intercourse.[39] The expression derives from the fact that harvested D. antarctica is preserved by being sun-dried and then softened by soaking in a dish of water.
Māori culture
Along with D. poha, blades of D. antarctica are used to make traditional pōhā bags, which are used to carry and store food and fresh water, to propagate live shellfish, and to make clothing and equipment for sports.[40][41][42] Pōhā are especially associated with Ngāi Tahu and are often used to carry and store muttonbird (tītī) chicks.[40][41] The species is called rimurapa in Māori.[1][40][41]
References
- ^ a b "rimurapa". māoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 86386681.
- ^ S2CID 189974346.
- ^ PMID 31642057.
- ^ OCLC 841897290.
- ^ a b Maggy Wassilieff. Seaweed - Bull kelp’s honeycombed structure, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Updated 2 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ Choris, L. (1822). Voyage pittoresque autour du monde. Part I. pp. vi + 17, 12 plates. Paris
- ^ Hariot, P. (1892). Complément à la flore algologique de la Terre de Feu. Notarisia 7: 1427-1435.
- ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Durvillaea antarctica". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
- S2CID 18309093.
- ^ PMID 20971197.
- PMID 33942304.
- ^ Fraser CI, Nikula R & Waters JM (2011) Oceanic rafting of a coastal community. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 278:649-655.
- ^ S2CID 173993590.
- .
- ^ Fraser CI, Nikula R, Spencer HG & Waters JM (2009) Kelp genes reveal effects of subantarctic sea ice during the Last Glacial Maximum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106:3249-3253.
- ^ Hurd, C (2003). The Living Reef. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing.
- ^ a b c Bradstock, M (1989). Between the Tides. New Zealand: David Bateman Limited.
- ^ .
- .
- PMID 32635859.
- PMID 35582778.
- PMID 37194268.
- ^ S2CID 239888553.
- ^ S2CID 84574097.
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 23134782.
- ^ .
- ISSN 0301-4223.
- ^ Vink, C., McQuillan, B., Simpson, A., & Correa-Garhwal, S. (2017). The marine spider, Desis marina (Araneae: Desidae): new observations and localities. The Weta, 51, 71-79. Retrieved from http://publications.ento.org.nz/index.php/weta/article/view/167 Archived 2019-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
- .
- ^ S2CID 21397549.
- ^ hdl:1885/238283.
- PMID 28822911.
- ^ .
- ^ Baranuik, Chris (5 April 2021). "Kelp Pathogen Has Spread Across the Southern Ocean". The Scientist. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Stuart, Jim (15 April 2010). "Seaweed: Cochayuyo and Luche". Eating Chilean.
- ^ La Ficha Pop Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, La Cuarta, 31 October 2006.
- ^ a b c "Page 4. Traditional use of seaweeds". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 12 Jun 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 2016-05-30. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "Maori shellfish project wins scholarship". SunLive. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2019.