Dwarkanath Kotnis
Dr.Dwarakanath Kotnis | |
---|---|
University of Bombay | |
Occupation | Physician |
Spouse | Guo Qinglan |
Children | Yinhua (1942–1967) |
Parent | Shantaram Kotnis |
Dwarakanath Shantaram Kotnis (10 October 1910 in India – 9 December 1942), also known by his Chinese name Ke Dihua (Chinese: 柯棣华; pinyin: Kē Dìhuá), was one of the five Indian physicians dispatched to China to provide medical assistance during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938. Known for his dedication and perseverance, he has been regarded as an example for Sino-Indian friendship and collaboration.
Along with the Canadian
Early life
Dwarakanath Kotnis was born to a middle class
Indian medical mission
In 1938, after the Japanese invasion of China, the communist General
Dwarkanath Kotnis, born in a middle class Maharashtrian family from Sholapur on 10 October 1910, had then graduated from the Seth G S Medical College, Bombay and was preparing for post-graduation. He asked permission of his family to volunteer for service abroad. Dwarkanath's younger sister Manorama recalls that her brother wanted to travel around the world and practice medicine at different places. She said "most members of the family knew little about China at that time. We only knew that people used to come and sell Chinese silk," While his father Shantaram encouraged young Dwarkanath to venture out, his mother was very sad because he was going that far and worse, in a war zone.
A medical team of five doctors (Drs. M. Atal from Allahabad (who was also the leader of the mission), M. Cholkar from Nagpore, D. Kotnis from Sholapur, B.K. Basu and Debesh Mukherjee from Calcutta) was dispatched as the Indian Medical Mission Team in September 1938. All, except Dr. Kotnis, returned to India safely.
The team first arrived in China at the port of Hankou, Wuhan. They were then sent to Yan'an, the revolutionary base at the time in 1939, where they were warmly welcomed by Mao Zedong, Zhu De and other top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), as they were the first medical team to come from another Asian country.
The 28-year-old Doctor came as a part of the five member team and stayed in China for almost 5 years working in mobile clinics to treat wounded soldiers. In 1939, Dr. Kotnis joined the Eighth Route Army (led by Mao Zedong) at the Jin-Cha-Ji border near the Wutai Mountain Area, after his efforts all across the northern China region.
His job as a battlefront doctor was stressful, where there was always an acute shortage of medicines. In one long-drawn out battle against Japanese troops in 1940, Dr. Kotnis performed operations for up to 72 hours, without getting any sleep. He treated more than 800 wounded soldiers during the battle. He was eventually appointed as the Director of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital named after the famous Canadian surgeon Norman Bethune.
In 1940, Dr. Kotnis met Guo Qinglan, a nurse at the Bethune Hospital. They first met at the inauguration of Dr. Norman Bethune's tomb and Guo was immediately attracted to the Indian doctor. Kotnis could write and speak Chinese, which amazed her. The couple got married in December 1941. They had a son on 23 August 1942, who was named Yinhua – meaning India (Yin) and China (Hua), at the suggestion of Nie Rongzhen.
Dr. Kotnis wrote letters to his family regularly. "He sounded very happy in the letters. People used to come to thank him for his help. He was telling the good part," says Manorama. Every place he went in China, he described it in detail in his letters home. The whole family found them to be great fun because what he described was so different from the life in India.
The hardship of the stressful job as a front-line doctor finally started to take its toll on him and severely affected his health. Only three months after the birth of Yinhua,
Dr. Kotnis was buried in the Heroes Courtyard in Nanquan Village. At that time, Mao Zedong mourned his death by observing that "The army has lost a helping hand, the nation has lost a friend. Let us always bear in mind his internationalist spirit."
It is said that he joined the Chinese Communist Party on 7 July 1942, just before his death, but could not be verified.
During his mission, he was also a lecturer at the Dr. Bethune Hygiene School of the Jinchaji (晉察冀) Military Command, and the first director of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital, Yan'an.
Tribute
Upon his death in 1942, Mao Zedong mourned his death by observing that:
The army has lost a helping hand, the nation has lost a friend. Let us always bear in mind his internationalist spirit.
Madame Sun Yat-sen said, concerning his role in the revolution, that "His memory belongs not only to your people and ours, but to the noble roll-call of fighters for the freedom and progress of all mankind. The future will honor him even more than the present, because it was for the future that he struggled."
The Martyr's Memorial park in Shijiazhuang city of the Northern Chinese province of Hebei is a famous attraction point. The north and south sides of the park are dedicated to the veterans of the Korean and the Japanese wars. The west side is dedicated to Dr. Norman Bethune, who fought for the Chinese, and the South side to Dr Kotnis. There is a great statue in his honour. A small museum there has a handbook of vocabulary that Kotnis wrote on his passage from India to China; some of the instruments that the surgeons used in their medical fight for life, and various photos of the doctors, some with the Chinese Communist Party's most influential figures, including Mao.
Memorial in Solapur, Maharashtra
A memorial of Dwarkanath Shantaram Kotnis is installed in his birthplace in Solapur on 1 January 2012. The memorial, at his old residence, has been built by Solapur Municipal Corporation with efforts of Sushilkumar Shinde, who was Union Power Minister during the installation ceremony. Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan was present at the function.[6]
Family
In November 1941, about a year before his death, Kotnis married Guo Qinglan, (
In film
- The story of his life was the subject of a Hindi film with the title Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani (1946, English: The Immortal Story of Dr. Kotnis), scripted by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and directed by V. Shantaram,[11]who also portrayed Kotnis in the film.
- His life was also the subject of a Chinese film Kē Dì Huá Dài Fū (1982, Dr. D.S. Kotnis), with a screenplay by Huang Zongjiang.
Honours
Both China (1982 and 1992) and India (1993) have honoured him with stamps.
The Chinese government continues to honour his relatives in India during every high-level official trip. His relatives (primarily sisters) were visited in Mumbai by:
- the then Premier Zhou Enlai in 1950[12]
- the then President & CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin visited India in 1996, he sent flowers to the Kotnis family.
- the then Premier Li Peng in 2001
- the then Premier Zhu Rongji in 2002
- the then President & CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao in 2006[13]
- the then Premier Li Keqiang in 2013[14]
- The current President Xi Jinping – who also holds the positions of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him China's paramount leader – met Dr Kotnis' sister Manorama during Sept 2014.[15]
Dwarkanath Kotnis is commemorated together with Dr. Bethune, and Scottish missionary and athlete, Eric Liddell in the Martyrs' Memorial Park (Lieshi Lingyuan) in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China. The entire south side of the memorial is dedicated to Dr. Kotnis, where there is a great statue in his honour. A small museum there contains a handbook of vocabulary that Kotnis wrote on his passage from India to China, some of the instruments that the surgeons were forced to use in their medical fight for life, and various photos of the doctors, some with the Communist Party of China's most influential figures, including Mao.
In 2017, China presented University of Mumbai a restored handwritten condolence note written by Mao Zedong to Dr. Kotnis' family in 1950 upon his death.[16]
References
- ^ "Fallen foreign heroes not forgotten". China Daily. 2 April 2010.
- ^ Pandya, Haresh (7 July 2015) Manorama Kotnis, Hindi-Chini Behen- Proud Sister of the Legendary Dr. D.S. Kotnis died in Mumbai, aged 94. Outlook India.
- ^ "China commemorates Dr Kotnis, slips in opinion about how Asia's India-China must work together to defeat West". Times Now. 12 October 2020.
- ^ Link, Volume 25, Issue 4. United India Periodicals. 1983. p. 91.
- ISBN 9780195648546
- ^ "Dr Kotnis's memorial dedicated to nation - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ a b Sahay, Neha (16 November 2006) "The Legend Lives on". The Telegraph, Calcutta, India.
- ^ a b "May Sino-Indian Friendship Develop From Generation to Generation". People's Daily. 2 June 2000.
- ^ Dikshit, Sandeep (29 June 2012). "Wife of Dwarkanath Kotnis is no more". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ "Hu Jintao's team has an Indian connection". Rediff News. 8 November 2006.
- ^ Dr Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani The Tribune, 17 December 2006.
- ^ Tilak, Shrinivas (2006). Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthroplogy & Hemeneutics. International Centre for Cultural Studies. p. 342.
- ^ Hu Keeps Tradition, Meets Kotnis Family CRI, 24 November 2006.
- ^ "Dr. Kotnis is a symbol of friendship, says Li". The Hindu. May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ President Xi meets Kotnis family. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 May 2013). Retrieved on 2018-12-02.
- ^ China presents University with Mao note. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (8 January 2017). Retrieved on 2018-12-02.
Further reading
- Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad. And One Did not Come Back! The Story of the Congress Medical Mission to China. Bombay: Sound Magazine, 1944.
- Basu, Dr. B. K., Light on China: Call of Yanan – Story of the Indian Medical Mission to China 1938–1943, Edited by Manjeet H. Singh. Sketches by David Olivant. Foreign Languages Press Beijing, 2003, Hardback 420pp 235 x 155mm, ISBN 7-119-03476-6
- Gao Liang: Dr. Kotnis. A Short Biography. New Book Centre, Kalkutta 1983.
- Kotnis Mangesh Shantaram: The bridge for ever. A biography of Dr. Kotnis. Somaiya, Bombay / New Delhi / Madras 1982.
- Guo Qinglan: My Life with Kotnis. Manak, New Delhi 2006.
- Sheng Xiangong, Jin Hede: Dr. Kotnis in China. Dolphin Books, Beijing 1987.
- Sheng Xiangong et al. "An Indian Freedom fighter in China: A Tribute to Dr. D. S. Kotnis", Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1983, p. 174.
- Hán Hǎishān 韩海山 (Ed.): Kē Dìhuá zài Táng Xiàn 《柯棣华在唐县》. Héběi rénmín chūbǎnshè 河北人民出版社, Shijiazhuang 1992.