Hebei

Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"冀" redirects here. For the surname, see Ji (surname 冀).
For other uses, see Hebei (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hubei.
Hebei
河北
22nd) – high
Websitehebei.gov.cn
Hebei
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhílì shěng
Bopomofoㄓˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄥˇ
Wade–GilesChih2-li4 Sheng3
Tongyong PinyinJhíh-lì shěng
IPA[ʈʂɻ̩̌.lî ʂə̀ŋ]

Hebei

direct-administered municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin on land. Its population is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0.3% Mongol. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Jilu Mandarin, the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, and Jin Chinese
.

During the

Shanhaiguan
.

Hebei's economy is based on agriculture and manufacturing; it is China's premier steel producer, which has contributed to serious air pollution.[8][9][10]

Etymology

"Hebei" means 'north of the river', derived from the province's location north of the Yellow River in the North China Plain.[11][12][13][14] In the Yu Gong, the province is recorded as "Jizhou", lending to its traditional abbreviation of "Ji" (冀).

The province's nickname is "Yanzhao" (燕赵), which is the collective name of the Yan and Zhao states that controlled the region during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (771–221 BC).[15] In 1421, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and the province surrounding the new capital was first called North Zhili or Zhili, meaning 'directly ruled'.[16][17] When Nanjing became the capital of the Republic of China in 1928, the province of Zhili was abolished and given its present name of Hebei.[18]

History

Pre and early history

prehistoric Beifudi site date to 7000 and 8000 BC.[19]

Many early Chinese myths are set in the province. Fuxi, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, is said to have lived in present-day Xingtai.[20] The mythical Battle of Zhuolu, won by the Yellow Emperor, Yan Emperor, and their Yanhuang tribes against the Chiyou-led Jiuli tribes, took place in Zhangjiakou and started the Huaxia civilization.

During the

Zhao
.

Qin and Han dynasties

The

Ji Province in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei was under the control of warlords Gongsun Zan in the north and Yuan Shao further south. Yuan Shao emerged as the victor of the two, but he was defeated by Cao Cao in the Battle of Guandu in 200. Hebei came under the rule of the Kingdom of Wei
, established by the descendants of Cao Cao.

Jin through the Three Kingdoms

After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the

Linzhang, Hebei. The Sui dynasty
again unified China in 589.

Tricolor Duck-Shaped Cup, Tang dynasty, unearthed from Anxin County

Tang and Five dynasties

During the

Great Wall
.

Song through Yuan dynasties

During the

Jin–Song wars. Hebei was heavily affected by the flooding of the Yellow River; between 1048 and 1128, the river ran directly through the province rather than to its south.[21]

The

Mongol Yuan dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. Instead, the area was directly administrated by the Secretariat at the capital Dadu
.

Ming and Qing dynasties

The

leagues
of Inner Mongolia.

Republic of China

Hebei in 2022

The Qing dynasty

Northern Expedition in 1926 and 1927 by the Kuomintang, the capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing
. As a result, the province's name was changed to Hebei, reflecting the relocation of the capital and its standard provincial administration.

During

Imperial Japan
.

People's Republic of China

The founding of the

Chahar Province (historically part of Inner Mongolia), were merged into Hebei. This extended its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. Meanwhile, the city of Puyang was carved away, causing Hebei to lose access to the Yellow River. The city became part of the short-lived Pingyuan Province before eventually being annexed into Henan.[22]

The capital was also moved from

Tangshan earthquake
, the deadliest earthquake of the 20th century, killing over 240,000 people. There were a series of smaller earthquakes in the following decade.

Today, Hebei, along with Beijing and Tianjin municipalities which it includes, make up the Jing-Jin-Ji megalopolis region. With a population of 130 million, it is about six times the size of the New York metropolitan area and is one of the largest megalopolis clusters in China.[23] Beijing had also unloaded some of its non-capital functions to the province with the establishment of the Xiong'an New Area, which integrates the three municipalities.[24]

Langyashan (Wolf Tooth Mountain), in Yi County
Fengning County

Geography

Hebei is the only province in China to contain plateaus, mountains, hills, shorelines, plains, and lakes.[25] Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the North China Plain. Western Hebei rises into the Taihang Mountains (Taihang Shan), while the Yan Mountains (Yan Shan) runs through northern Hebei. Beyond the mountains are the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. The highest peak is Mount Xiaowutai in Yu County in the northwest of the province, with an altitude of 2,882 m (9,455 ft).[1]

Hebei borders the

Baiyangdian, located in Anxin County, Baoding
.

Major cities in Hebei include: Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Handan, and Zhangjiakou.

Hebei has a

precipitation
ranges from 400 to 800 mm (16 to 31 in), concentrated heavily in summer.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Hebei Province, China[26][27][28][29]
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Baoding 31.7/22.6 89.1/72.7 2.5/–7.7 36.5/18.1
Qinhuangdao 28.1/21.7 82.6/71.1 0.1/–8.8 32.2/16.2
Tangshan 30.2/21.7 86.4/71.1 0.9/–10.2 33.6/13.6
Zhangjiakou 29.4/18.7 84.9/65.7 2.2/–12.9 36.0/8.8

Government

Main articles:
List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Hebei is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Hebei is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hebei. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the governor has less power than the Hebei Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary (CCP Party Chief).

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Hebei and List of township-level divisions of Hebei

Hebei has eleven prefecture-level divisions. All are prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Hebei
Division code[30] Division Area in km2[31] Population (2020)[32] Seat Divisions[33]
Districts
Counties
Aut. counties
 CL cities
130000 Hebei Province 187,700 74,610,235 Shijiazhuang city 49 91 6 21
130100 Shijiazhuang city 15,848 11,235,086
Chang'an District
 8 11 3
130200 Tangshan city 14,334.59 7,717,983
Lunan District
 7 4 3
130300 Qinhuangdao city 7791.57 3,136,879
Haigang District
 4 2 1
130400 Handan city 12,066 9,413,990
Congtai District
 6 11 1
130500 Xingtai city 12,433 7,111,106
Xindu District
 4 12 2
130600 Baoding city 22,185 11,544,036
Jingxiu District
 5 15 4
130700 Zhangjiakou city 36,861.55 4,118,908
Qiaoxi District
 6 10
130800 Chengde city 39512.98 3,354,444
Shuangqiao District
 3 4 3 1
130900 Cangzhou city 14,305.28 7,300,783
Yunhe District
 2 9 1 4
131000 Langfang city 6,417.29 5,464,087
Anci District
 2 5 1 2
131100 Hengshui city 8,836.90 4,212,933
Taocheng District
 2 8 1

These eleven prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 168 county-level divisions (47

subdistricts). At the end of 2017, the total population of Hebei was 75.2 million.[34]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[35] 2010 Urban area[36] 2020 City proper
1 Shijiazhuang 4,805,079 2,770,344[b] 11,235,086
2 Tangshan 2,667,603 2,128,191[c] 7,717,983
3 Handan 2,280,755 1,316,674[d] 9,413,990
4 Baoding[e] 2,167,607 1,038,195[f] 11,544,036
5 Xingtai 1,371,150 668,765[g] 7,111,106
6 Qinhuangdao 1,320,988 967,877[h] 3,136,879
7 Zhangjiakou 1,185,494 924,628[i] 4,118,908
8 Langfang 768,439 530,840 5,464,087
9 Sanhe 760,107 386,902 see Langfang
10 Cangzhou 727,879 499,411 7,300,783
11 Xiong'an[e] 717,120 [j] see Baoding
12 Hengshui 707,905 389,447[k] 4,212,933
13 Dingzhou 577,440 482,121 see Baoding
14 Chengde 548,329 540,390 3,354,444
15 Qian'an 466,210 308,849 see Tangshan
16 Renqiu 458,878 430,896 see Cangzhou
17 Bazhou 455,923 291,710 see Langfang
18 Wu'an 453,442 293,151 see Handan
19 Zhuozhou 395,792 260,493 see Baoding
20 Zunhua 392,821 299,759 see Tangshan
21 Xinji 368,208 236,658 see Shijiazhuang
22 Huanghua 313,530 296,978 see Cangzhou
23 Gaobeidian 309,413 274,853 see Baoding
24 Hejian 296,820 243,458 see Cangzhou
25 Xinle 281,458 194,480 see Shijiazhuang
26 Luanzhou 278,807 [l] see Tangshan
27 Shahe 265,977 218,958 see Xingtai
28 Botou 264,187 258,203 see Cangzhou
29 Jinzhou 238,153 160,284 see Shijiazhuang
30 Pingquan 228,261 [m] see Chengde
31 Shenzhou 197,414 207,945 see Hengshui
32 Anguo 189,925 135,524 see Baoding
33 Nangong 183,450 188,260 see Xingtai
—
Gaocheng
 see Shijiazhuang 286,136[b] see Shijiazhuang
—
Luquan
 see Shijiazhuang 175,602[b] see Shijiazhuang
—
Jizhou
 see Hengshui 165,363[k] see Hengshui

Notes

  1. Postal romanization
    : Hopeh
  2. ^
    Luquan (Luquan CLC), Luancheng (Luancheng County)
    . These new districts are not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. Caofeidian (Tanghai County)
    . The new district is not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. Congtai
    . These new districts are not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ a b Xiong'an New Area is a satellite urban area separated from Baoding and it is not included in the urban area count.
  6. Xushui (Xushui County)
    . These new districts are not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Renze (Renxian County), Nanhe (Nanhe County). The new district is not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Funing (Funing County). The new district is not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. Xuanhua
    . These new districts are not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. ^ Xiong'an New Area was established after 2010 census.
  11. ^
    Jizhou (Jizhou CLC)
    . The new district is not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  12. ^ Luanxian County is currently known as Luanzhou CLC after the census.
  13. ^ Pingquan County is currently known as Pingquan CLC after the census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Hebei
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[37]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang
Handan
Handan 		1 Shijiazhuang 2,843,100 11 Chengde 597,800 Tangshan
Tangshan
Baoding
Baoding
2 Handan 2,044,000 12 Dingzhou 416,100
3 Tangshan 2,041,700 13 Renqiu 368,500
4 Baoding 1,730,000 14 Qian'an 350,000
5 Qinhuangdao 1,338,600 15 Zhuozhou 277,800
6 Zhangjiakou 1,072,200 16 Luanzhou 273,000
7 Xingtai 936,800 17 Wu'an 248,300
8 Cangzhou 648,800 18 Zunhua 243,300
9 Hengshui 643,400 19 Sanhe 218,700
10 Langfang 608,400 20 Xinji 211,300

Economy

In 2014, Hebei's

unemployment rate
was 3.96%.

Hebei's industries include

textiles, coal, steel, iron, engineering, chemical production, petroleum, power, ceramics, and food. 40% of Hebei's labor force works in the agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry sectors, with the majority of production from these industries going to Beijing and Tianjin. Hebei's main agricultural products are cereal crops, including wheat, maize, millet, and sorghum. Cash crops like cotton, peanut, soybeans and sesame
are also produced.

Hebei has abundant natural resources. The

Kailuan mine in Tangshan, with a history of over 100 years, is one of China's first modern coal mines. It remains active, with an annual production of over 20 million metric tonnes. Much of the North China Oilfied is within Hebei. There are major iron mines at Handan and Qian'an
. Iron and steel manufacturing are the largest industries in Hebei.

Economic and technological development zones
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1912[39] 26,658,000—    
1928[40] 31,232,000+0.99%
1936–37[41] 28,644,000−1.08%
1947[42] 28,719,000+0.02%
1954[43] 35,984,644+3.27%
1964[44] 45,687,781+2.42%
1982[45] 53,005,876+0.83%
1990[46] 61,082,439+1.79%
2000[47] 66,684,419+0.88%
2010[48] 71,854,202+0.75%
2020[49] 74,610,235+0.38%
Hebei Province was known as Zhili Province until 1928.
Beijing was part of Hebei Province[16] until 1928.
Tainjin was part of Hebei Province until 1928 and from 1954 to 1967.
Rehe Province dissolved in 1955. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province.
Qahar Province dissolved in 1952. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province.

Demographics

The population in Hebei is mostly

Mongol (180,000 people).[50] Population totals do not include those in active service with the People's Liberation Army.[51]

Ethnic groups in Hebei, 2000 census
Nationality
 Population Percentage
Han Chinese 63,781,603 95.65%
Manchu
 2,118,711 3.18%
Hui 542,639 0.78%
Mongol
 169,887 0.26%
Zhuang 20,832 0.031%

In 2019, the

death rate was 6.12 deaths per 1,000 people.[52] The male population is 37,679,003 (50.50%), the female population is 36,931,232 (49.50%). The gender ratio of the total population was 102.02, decreasing by 0.82 from 2010.[53]

Religion

Religion in Hebei[54][note 1]
  1. Deity worshippers, Taoists, Buddhists, Confucians, folk religious sects, or not religious people (90.61%)
  2. Chinese ancestral religion
    (5.52%)
  3. Christianity (3.05%)
  4. Islam (0.82%)

The dominant religions in Hebei are

ancestor veneration, while 3.05% identify as Christian, belonging mostly to the Catholic Church.[54] As of 2010 Muslims constitute 0.82% of the population of Hebei.[55]

Although the surveys did not provide specific data for other religions, 90.61% of the population are either nonreligious or are involved in

Zailiism is a folk religious sect that originated in Hebei. Local worship of deities organized into benevolent churches in reaction to Catholicism in the Qing dynasty
.

The giant Bodhisattva statue of Puning Temple
Great Temple of Zhang Hui, the central ancestral shrine of the Zhang lineage, in Qinghe

Hebei has the largest Catholic population in China, with one million members and 1.5 million Catholics according to the Catholic Church.

Zhengding, Hebei Province, built in AD 1045 during the Song dynasty

Culture

Language

People speak dialects of

plosive) in Middle Chinese
.

Arts

A Ding ware bowl

Traditional forms of

xiaohualian (young comic character), though it has diversified to include other roles.[60]

Quyang County, in central Hebei, is noted for Ding ware, a type of Chinese ceramics which includes various vessels such as bowls, plates, vases, and cups, as well as figurines. Ding ware is usually creamy white, though it is also made in other colors.

Hejian-styled donkey burger

Cuisine

Hebei cuisine is typically based on wheat, mutton, and beans. The donkey burger, originating from the cities of Baoding and Hejian, Cangzhou, is a staple in provincial cuisine and has spread into the two municipalities. Other dishes include local variants of shaobing.

Entertainment

Beidaihe
, located near Shanhaiguan, is a popular beach resort.

Architectural and cultural sites

Section of the Great Wall of China at Jinshanling
Zhengding
, built in 636 AD

The Ming Great Wall crosses the northern part of Hebei, and its eastern end is located on the coast at Shanhaiguan (Shanhai Pass), near Qinhuangdao. Informally known as the First Pass of The World, Shanhaiguan Pass was where Ming general Wu Sangui opened the gates to Manchu forces in 1644, beginning nearly 300 years of Manchu rule.

The Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples are a World Heritage Site. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Manchu Qing dynasty emperors. The resort was built between 1703 and 1792. It consists of a palace complex and a large park with lakes, pavilions, causeways, and bridges. There are also several Tibetan Buddhist and Han Chinese temples in the surrounding area.

Chengde Mountain Resort

There are Qing dynasty imperial

West Qing Tombs). The Eastern Qing Tombs are the resting place of 161 Qing emperors, empresses, and other members of the Qing imperial family, while the West Qing Tombs have 76 burials. Both tomb complexes are part of a World Heritage Site
.

The Zhaozhou, or Anji Bridge, was built by Li Chun during the Sui dynasty and is the oldest stone arch bridge in China. It is one of the most significant examples of pre-modern Chinese civil engineering. Baoding, the old provincial capital, contains the historic Zhili governor's residence and the former court.

Xibaipo, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from Shijiazhuang in Pingshan County, was the location of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949. Today, the area houses a memorial site.[61]

Sports

The

Hebei Elite F.C., and Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. Baoding is home to the Baoding balls
, a kind of metal ball for exercise and meditation.

Education

See also: List of universities and colleges in Hebei

Under the national Ministry of Education:

Under other national agencies:

Under the provincial government:

There are also Tibetan Buddhist schools in the province.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Intracity Rail

The Shijiazhuang Metro is the only operational rapid transit system in Hebei. Xiong'an Rail Transit is a planned metro system in Xiong'an.

Intercity Rail

As of early 2013, railway schedule systems listed 160 passenger train stations within the province.[62] Because Hebei surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, all the important railway lines from these cities pass through Hebei. The Beijing–Guangzhou railway is one of the most important. It passes through many major cities, including Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and Handan on its way south to Henan. Other important railways include the Beijing–Kowloon railway, Beijing–Shanghai railway, Beijing–Harbin railway, Beijing–Chengde railway, Beijing–Tongliao railway, Beijing–Baotou railway and Fengtai–Shacheng railway. High-speed rail lines crossing the province include the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, and Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway.

During the

Eleventh Five-Year Plan
, Beijing and Hebei collaborated on a new passenger railway. The RMB 82.6 billion network will add 844 kilometres (524 mi) to the system. Current railway systems for Hebei are also being upgraded and will soon be able to travel at speeds of between 160 and 200 kilometres (99 and 124 mi) per hour.

Highways and primary routes

The recent expressway boom in China included Hebei. There are expressways to every prefecture-level city in Hebei, totaling approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). The total length of highways within Hebei is around 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).[citation needed]

Air transit

Shijiazhuang's

Zhengding Airport is the province's center for air transportation, with domestic and international flights. Parts of Hebei are served by the Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing.[63]

Ocean transit

There are several ports along the

Jingtang, and Qinhuangdao
. Qinhuangdao is the second busiest port in China and has a capacity of over 100 million tons.

Media

Hebei is served by the province-wide Hebei Television, abbreviated HEBTV. Shijiazhuang Radio & Television is a regional network that covers the provincial capital. Hebei is also served by three major newspapers: Hebei Daily, Yanzhao Metropolis Daily, and Yanzhao Evening News. Hebei Daily Newspaper Group publishes all three newspapers.

Notable people

Sister subdivisions

Hebei is a sister district with the following country states, districts, and other subdivisions:[65]

See also

Notes

  1. lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[55]

References

Citations

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Sources

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