Eastern quoll

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Eastern quoll[1]
fawn morph
black morph
both in Dorset, Tasmania
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Family: Dasyuridae
Genus: Dasyurus
Species:
D. viverrinus
Binomial name
Dasyurus viverrinus
(Shaw, 1800)
Eastern quoll range, not including reintroduced populations in Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory

The eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus, formerly known as the eastern native cat) is a medium-sized

Victoria in 2003[5] and to the Australian Capital Territory in 2016.[6]

Taxonomy

The eastern quoll is a member of the family Dasyuridae, which includes most carnivorous marsupials. Its species name, viverrinus, indicates it is "ferret-like".[7] There are no recognised subspecies.

Description

Eastern quolls are about the size of a small

domestic cat, with adult males measuring 53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 in) in total length, including the 20 to 28 cm (7.9 to 11.0 in) tail, and having an average weight of 1.1 kg (2.4 lb). Females are significantly smaller, measuring 48 to 58 cm (19 to 23 in), including a 17 to 24 cm (6.7 to 9.4 in) tail, and weighing around 0.7 kg (1.5 lb). They have a tapering snout, short legs, and erect ears. They can be distinguished from all other species of quoll by the presence of only four toes, rather than five, on the hind feet, lacking the hallux.[8]

They have a thick coat covered by white spots, that can be either light fawn or near-black, with off-white underparts stretching from the chin to the underside of the tail. Both fawn and black individuals can be born in the same litter, although in surviving populations the former are about three times more common than the latter. The spots are 5 to 20 mm (0.20 to 0.79 in) in diameter, and are found across the upper body and flanks, from the top of the head to the rump, but, unlike some other species of quoll, do not extend onto the tail.[8]

Females possess a relatively shallow fur-lined pouch formed by lateral folds of skin. The pouch becomes enlarged during the breeding season, and includes six to eight teats, which only become elongated and functional if one of the young attaches to them, regressing again after they leave the pouch. As with all quolls, the

caecum, and not being divided into a colon and rectum.[8] An unusual feature of eastern quolls is the presence of an opening connecting the ventricles of the heart in newborn young, in addition to that connecting the atria found in all marsupials. Both openings close after a few days.[9]

  • fawn morph
    fawn morph
  • black morph
    black morph
  • black and fawn morphs
    black and fawn morphs

Distribution and habitat

The eastern quoll was formerly found across much of southeastern mainland Australia, from the eastern coasts of

Victoria, to the mid-north coast of New South Wales. The species was formerly abundant around Adelaide, particularly the Adelaide Hills,[10] with a 1923 newspaper article noting its rapid decline and presumed extinction in the area during the preceding ten years.[11]

It likely became functionally extinct across its entire mainland range by the early 1960s, but remains widespread but patchy in Tasmania and Bruny Island. Within Tasmania, eastern quolls inhabit rainforest, heathland, alpine areas, and scrub below 1,500 m (4,900 ft). However, they prefer dry grassland and forest mosaics, bounded by agricultural land, particularly where pasture grubs are common.[12]

Behaviour

The eastern quoll is a solitary predator, hunting at night for its prey of insects, small mammals, birds, and reptiles.[13][14] They have been known to scavenge food from the much larger Tasmanian devil.[8] Although the majority of their diet consists of meat, they also eat some vegetable matter, including fruit during the summer, and grass year-round.[13] The eastern quoll is itself prey for Tasmanian devils and masked owls.[8]

Eastern quolls are nocturnal,[15] and spend the day resting in dens, although they may also use natural rock crevices or hollow tree trunks. The dens often consist of no more than a simple, blind-ending tunnel, but are sometimes more complex, including one or more nesting chambers lined with grass. Each individual uses a number of dens, usually no more than five, which it alternates between on different days.[8]

Eastern quolls are solitary, and tend to avoid one another, but can form loose 'neighbourhoods'.

scent marked, although scats are distributed randomly, rather than placed at specific latrines. Adults also ward off intruders by hissing and making coughing sounds, and also make a sharp shriek that may be an alarm call. If intruders fail to leave quickly, then aggressive action escalates to chasing and wrestling with jaws while standing on their hind legs. Mothers and young have softer calls they use to maintain contact.[8]

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in early winter. The

oestrus cycle lasts 34 days, although most individuals mate during their first cycle of the year.[17] The female gives birth up to thirty young[18][not specific enough to verify] after a gestation period of 19 to 24 days.[8] Of these, the first to attach themselves to the available teats will be the only survivors.[19] The young remain attached to the teat for 60 to 65 days, begin to develop fur at around 51 days, open their eyes at about 79 days, and are fully weaned at 150 to 165 days. They reach sexual maturity in their first year and typically live for 2–3 years, but can live for up to 7 years in captivity.[8]

Conservation

A black eastern quoll photographed in Tasmania
A dark morph eastern quoll pup

Tasmania

The eastern quoll likely became extinct on mainland Australia due to predation by introduced predators (

IUCN.[2]

Mainland Australia

The last eastern quoll specimen on the mainland was collected as roadkill in Nielsen Park, Vaucluse in Sydney on 31 January 1963,[22] however a taxidermied specimen provided to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in 2016 was reported to have been collected in 1989 or 1990 in the Gloucester region of NSW, indicating the species may have survived longer than the generally accepted 1960's decade of its mainland extinction.[23] The NSW National Parks and Wildlife service reported numerous unconfirmed sightings and the species was reported photographed as recently as 2013 in the Nungatta district of NSW.[24] Specimens collected in 2005 and 2008 west of Melbourne, Victoria, are likely connected with a nearby wildlife sanctuary, either as direct escapees, or the descendants of escapees from that facility.[25]

Reintroductions

Victoria

In 2003, the eastern quoll was reintroduced to a 473ha fox-proof fenced sanctuary at Mt Rothwell Biodiversity Interpretation Centre at

Victoria
.

Australian Capital Territory

In March 2016, a trial reintroduction of 16 eastern quolls from Mount Rothwell (Victoria), and Tasmania was conducted at Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary in the Australian Capital Territory. Mulligans Flat is a public 485 ha reserve which is surrounded by a predator-proof conservation fence. Founders from the first trial had a survival rate of 28.6%, with the majority of mortalities being associated with males dispersing beyond the predator-proof fence. Adopting an adaptive management approach, the second and third trials involved only releasing females (preferring those carrying pouch young), which was met with increased survival (76.9% in 2017 and 87.5% in 2018).[6][26]

New South Wales

In March 2018, a pilot release of 20 captive-bred eastern quolls were released into

domestic dogs, and road mortality, no founders survived.[27] A second release of 40 eastern quolls was conducted in 2019, of which none appear to have survived beyond early 2021.[28]

In September 2020 eastern quolls were reintroduced to

Barrington Wildlife Sanctuary.[29]

References

  1. OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Dasyurus viverrinus — Eastern Quoll, Luaner". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  4. ISSN 1836-7402
    .
  5. ^ "Eastern Quoll". Mtrothwell. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  6. ^
    PMID 32598368
    .
  7. ISBN 9781877069253
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 198968816. Archived
    from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021 – via BioOne.
  9. S2CID 34243728
    .
  10. ^ "MAMMALS OF THE NEIGHBOUR HOOD OF ADELAIDE". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 17 November 1890. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  11. ^ "IS THE NATIVE CAT EXTINCT?". The Advertiser. Adelaide, South Australia. 12 May 1923. p. 16. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  12. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0434:NDASAD>2.0.CO;2
    .
  13. ^
    doi:10.1071/WR9800191
    .
  14. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00203.x
    .
  15. S2CID 29736671. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  16. ProQuest 2598644376
    .
  17. doi:10.1071/ZO9850101
    .
  18. ^ Godsell, Janet (1995). Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus. Sydney: in 'The Mammals of Australia'. pp. 70–71.
  19. ^ "Mammals" Dorling Kindersley Limited, London[full citation needed]
  20. ISSN 1836-7402
    .
  21. S2CID 252391044
    .
  22. ^ "Eastern Quoll". Mammals - Sydney mammals database. Australian Museum. 2003. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
  23. ISSN 1836-7402
    .
  24. S2CID 234852178
    .
  25. ^ "Victorian Eastern Quoll Specimens". Where Light Meets Dark. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  26. ^ Wilson, Belinda (2021). "Chapter: 6.9 (mammals): Reintroduction of the eastern quoll to Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary, Australia, using trials, tactics, and adaptive management". In Soorae, Pritpal S. (ed.). Global conservation translocation perspectives 2021: Case studies from around the globe (7 ed.). IUCN SSC Conservation Translocation Specialist Group. pp. 194–199.
  27. ^ Coote, Gavin (6 June 2018). "Fewer than half of quolls survive first three months after landmark return to Australian mainland". ABC News. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  28. ^ "A 'risky operation', a group of dead quolls and a plan for the future of Aussie predators". ABC News. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  29. ^ Siossian, Emma (10 November 2022). "Record numbers of eastern quoll joeys born at Barrington Wildlife Sanctuary". ABC News. Retrieved 11 November 2022.

External links

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