He attended the Wesleyan Methodist Boys High School and, after graduating, matriculated at Fourah Bay College . He worked as a teacher and briefly for the Sierra Leone Railway during the early 1940s. His earliest published essays[2] on African education and colonialism date back to these years.
Leopold Senghor and others. At the outbreak of the
Nigerian Civil War in 1966, he and his family moved to
Freetown where he became Dean of the Faculty of Arts, and Director of African studies at
Fourah Bay College (the
University of Sierra Leone ). First and foremost, Blyden considered himself a teacher, and strove to imbue a generation of bright young men and women with the knowledge, principles and self-confidence needed to guide Africa in a Post-Colonial world. The careers of notable Africans such as
Peter Onu ,
James Jonah and others he taught or mentored are testament to his success.
Non-Alignment and Cold War diplomacy
Blyden was a first-hand observer and participant at many key events that would shape the geopolitics in the second half-of the 20th Century. Under the auspices of Harvard University, he was a student observer at the Treaty of San Francisco that formally ended World War II . He toured Asian and Far Eastern Universities as a visiting lecturer, coming in contact with intellectuals involved in Asian independence struggles.[8] [9] [10] In 1954 he was the sole delegate from colonial Sierra Leone to the Eighth General Assembly of UNESCO in Montevideo, Uruguay.[11]
Edward W. Blyden III at the 1954 UNESCO General Assembly in Uruguay Thus by the mid-1950s, Blyden's African perspective on post-colonial nationhood and self-determination was widely known and respected among Africans and Asians seeking to define the roles of post-colonial nations on the world stage. At the 1962 conference on international politics billed "New Nations in a Divided World : The international relations of Afro-Asian states", Blyden presented the paper African Neutralism and Non Alignment .[12] The conference organizers would ultimately publish the conference proceedings in a book of the same name (Praeger, NY) edited by Kurt London, with the following commentary:
Of all current political and ideological concepts, few have stirred more controversy than that of non-alignment-- the doctrine devised by those Afro-Asian leaders who are seeking a 'third way' in the East-West struggle. Their unwillingness to align themselves with either of the two great power blocks now confronting each other cannot fail to have enormous and far-reaching effects – now and in the future – upon the shape of the world.
The publisher went on to say:
To explore the impact of non-alignment on a divided world, sixty scholars from twenty-two countries of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America recently assembled in Athens, Greece, for the Fourth International Conference on World Politics. From the papers submitted at the conference, Kurt London, Director of the Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies at the George Washington University and one of the chief organizers of the conference, selected twenty of the most provocative contributions for this volume. Among them are essays by such distinguished authorities as Edward Blyden III, Jane Degras, Herbert Dinerstein,
Choh-Ming Li, and
Richard Löwenthal . In Part I, questions of colonialism and Communism predominate – for example, the Communist attitudes toward colonialism, neo-colonialism, and neutrality discussed from the points of view of both Westerners and Afro-Asians. In Part II, which concerns itself with the new nations in transition, specific problems are taken up – among them, the role of the intelligentsia in the new countries and the idea of African neutralism and non-alignment. In Part III, the focus shifts to Communist policies in non-aligned countries
—
including Soviet economic policies toward the Afro-Asian countries and the motives and operations of Communist China's foreign policy.[12]
In his contribution, Blyden reviewed the history and origin of African ideas on neutralism and non-alignment from
. Blyden summarised the primacy of Africanism in the policy-making of newly independent nations:
A point that may be obvious but can hardly be overstated in any assessment of African Policies of non-alignment is that African political leaderships do not conceive of their policies as Eastern or Western, but as African. Africanism is the touchstone of the policy-maker in the new African states. It is noteworthy in this regard that serious writers on Africa have been struck by the pervasiveness of the pan-African impulse in contemporary African politics. Leading students like Padmore, Shepperson, Fyfe, Hargreaves, and Dike have been unanimous in pointing to an intimate interconnection between the ideas of pan-Africanism and African neutralism and non-alignment.[12]
In 1971, Blyden was again given the chance to put the ideas on which he had built his academic and political careers into practice. Under the presidency of Siaka Stevens , Blyden was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary from Sierra Leone to the Soviet Union , and accredited to Romania , Poland , Yugoslavia , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia and Hungary . During his first visit to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs to schedule a date for official presentation of his credentials, Blyden met Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and reminded him of their first meeting in 1949 at the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco . What followed was an extended conversation which also broke the protocol of conversations through translators: Blyden returned to his embassy to find an official invitation to present his credentials the following morning. On a later visit to Moscow, Blyden would be presented with a biography of his grandfather Edward Wilmot Blyden , published by the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Africa and Asia under the directorship of Anatoly Gromyko .
Another surprise for Blyden was his meeting with former Harvard classmate, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, during President Richard Nixon 's historic 1972 visit to Moscow; both of them now on the world stage. While accredited to Eastern Europe, he orchestrated three successful state visits to Sierra Leone by Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Premier Alexei Kosygin of the Soviet Union, and Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania. Blyden negotiated important agreements between Sierra Leone and Warsaw Pact Countries for trade and development projects in Sierra Leone.
From 1974 to 1976 he served as Sierra Leone's Permanent Representative to the United Nations where he was Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization . He was an influential voice of reason in the infamous *Zionism is racism* debate[13] that led to the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975, placing Sierra Leone at the center of efforts to table the motion and presenting an Africanist perspective on Zionism first elaborated by his own grandfather in 1898.[14] [15]
On his return from the UN, Blyden served as Special Adviser to the President, and played an active role during the 1980
by the visiting U.N. Secretary General.
Retirement years
He received honorary degrees from the
University of Nigeria, Nsukka and
Lincoln University . He gave the keynote speech at the 100th Anniversary of the
University of Liberia (formally
Liberia College ), an institution at which his grandfather
Edward Wilmot Blyden had been a founding Professor. Though much of his career was spent outside of Sierra Leone, Blyden remained deeply attached to the cultural life of his native Freetown. He was a member of the Zion Methodist Church of Wilberforce St. and an important patriarchal figure in the Muslim communities of Fullah Town and Fourah Bay. He was a Freemason and former Grand Master. He was an honorary member of the Akamori Hunting Society. Blyden's character and its lasting impression has been succinctly summarised by the anthropologist
Joseph Opala :
He was a man of strong opinions, and he was never shy to voice them. And because he combined a vast amount of knowledge with his opinions, you couldn't forget a conversation with him.
Family
Edward Blyden was married to Dr. Amelia Elizabeth Blyden (née Kendrick), a retired professor. They have eight children: Edward Walter Babatunde Blyden, a businessman; Isa Jeanette Blyden, a Russian philologist and freelance radio journalist; Bai-Bureh Kendrick Blyden, a Power engineer and engineering consultant; Dr. Fenda Aminata Akiwumi, an assistant professor of environmental geographer and hydrogeologist; Henrietta Cleopatra Blyden, an ESL teacher and freelance writer; Dr. Eluemuno Richard Blyden, a biotechnologist, business-owner and Adviser to the Government of Sierra Leone; Edward Katib Blyden, of ChefBlyden.com; and Dr. Nemata Amelia Blyden-Bickersteth, an Associate Professor of African and African Diasporan History at George Washington University.
Selected writings and speeches
Blyden, Edward Wilmot Abiòsu Sierra Leone: the pattern of constitutional change, 1924–1951.
Blyden III, Edward W. The Idea of African "Neutralism" and "Non-Alignment": An Exploratory Survey in New Nations in a Divided World. K. L. London (ed.), N.Y. & London: Praeger, 1963.
Blyden, Edward W., "The Rise and Growth of African Statesmanship: From the Mid-Fifteenth Century to the Present," in Statesmanship in Africa , special supplement to Civilizations , Winter, 1953.
Blyden, Edward W., "The Need for Mass Education in Sierra Leone" (a review essay in Memorandum on the Education of African Communities ) in West Africa (London), January 1940 (under pseudonym Adjai Onike).
References
^ Blyden, Edward W.,(under pseudonym Adjai Onike) "The Need for Mass Education in Sierra Leone" (A review essay in Memorandum on the Education of African Communities ) West Africa (London), January 1940.
^ Blyden, Edward Wilmot Abiòsu "Sierra Leone; the pattern of constitutional change, 1924–1951.", Harvard University [permanent dead link ]
^ Holden, Edith Blyden of Liberia , New York: Vantage Press, 1966.
^ George Padmore, "Democratic Advance in Sierra Leone", The Crisis , March 1957.
^ Five Elections in Africa: a group of electoral studies by Kenneth Robinson; W. J. M. MacKenzie (eds), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
^ West Africa , London, 9 April 1960, p. 407.
^ The Straits Times (Singapore), 11 January 1953.
^ The China Mail (Hong Kong), 21 January 1953.
^ The Nippon Times (Japan), 25 January 1953.
^ New Nations and the 'Cold War' in The Montevidean (Montevideo, Uruguay), 16 November 1954 (Press Interview).
^ a b c Blyden, Edward Wilmot "African Neutralism and Non Alignment" in New Nations in a Divided World. K. L. London (ed.) Praeger, NY & London: 1963.
^ Blyden, Edward Wilmot, The Jewish Question , Liverpool: Lionel Hart and Co., 1898.
^ Benyamin Neuberger, "Early African Nationalism, Judaism and Zionism: Edward Wilmot Blyden", Jewish Social Studies Vol. 47, No. 2 (Spring 1985), pp. 151–66.
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