Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Elisabeth of the Palatinate (

Elisabeth Simmern van Pallandt was born on December 26, 1618, in

Much of Elisabeth's early life outside of her familial relations is unknown.[5] After a short, unsuccessful reign in Bohemia, Elisabeth's parents were forced into exile in the Netherlands in 1620.^[2][6] Elisabeth stayed with her grandmother Louise Juliana of Nassau in Heidelberg before moving to the Netherlands at the age of nine.^[5][6]

Elisabeth had a wide ranging education, studying philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, jurisprudence, history, modern and classical languages.^[4][6] Her siblings nicknamed her "La Grecque" ("The Greek") based on her skill with the ancient language.^[2][6]

Elisabeth also studied the fine arts including painting, music and dancing.^[1] She may have been tutored by Constantijn Huygens.^[1]

In 1633, Elisabeth received a proposal of marriage from Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland.^[4][5] The marriage would have been beneficial to the Palatine fortunes, but the king was a Catholic, and Elisabeth refused to convert from her Protestant faith in order to facilitate the marriage.^[4][5]

Edward Reynolds dedicated his Treatise on the passions and the faculties of the soule of man (1640) to Elisabeth.^[1] Although the exact context of the dedication is unknown, the dedication suggests that Elisabeth had seen a draft of the work.^[1]

In 1642, Elisabeth read Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy.^[7]

In 1646, Elisabeth's brother Philip killed a man in a duel.^[7] Elisabeth was sent to stay with family in Germany where she tried to interest professors in Descartes' work.^[7]

In 1660, Elisabeth entered the

Elisabeth died on February 12, 1680.[8] She was buried in the Abbey Church of Herford.^[8]

Correspondence

Throughout her adult years, Elisabeth corresponded with many renowned intellectuals of her time.^[11]

By 1639, Elisabeth was corresponding with Anna Maria van Schurman, a learned woman, called the Dutch Minerva.^[11][12] In an early letter van Schurman offered Elisabeth guidance on what subjects to study, arguing for the usefulness of history.^[11]

Elisabeth's correspondence with Descartes began in 1643 and continued until his death in early 1650.^[1] At her request, Descartes became her teacher in philosophy and morals, and in 1644 he dedicated to her his Principia.^[11] Descartes greatly respected Elisabeth's intellect and valued his correspondence with her.

Many of Descartes's letters to Elisabeth were published in the volumes of his correspondence edited by Claude Clerselier, but Elisabeth refused the request to publish her side of the exchange.^[1] Elisabeth's side of the correspondence was first published in 1879 by Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil, after he was alerted to its existence by an antiquarian bookseller, Frederick Müller, who had found a packet of letters in Rosendael.^[1][13]

Elisabeth also corresponded with a number of prominent Quakers, including Robert Barclay and William Penn.^[1]

There are letters written both by and to her concerning political and financial matters in the English Calendar of State Papers.^[1]

Family

Siblings

1. Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate
   (1614–1629); drowned
2. Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orleans; Marie Luise von Degenfeld
   , had issue; Elisabeth Hollander von Bernau, had issue
3. Elisabeth of the Palatinate (1618–1680), the subject of this article, was the third child.
4. Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1619–1682); had two illegitimate children
5. Maurice of the Palatinate (1620–1652)
6. Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate (18 April 1622 – 11 February 1709)
7. Louis (21 August 1624 – 24 December 1624)
8. Anna Gonzaga
   , had issue
9. Henriette Marie of the Palatinate (7 July 1626 – 18 September 1651); married Sigismund Rákóczi, brother of the Prince of Transylvania, on 16 June 1651
10. John Philip Frederick of the Palatinate Frederick (26 September 1627 – 16 February 1650^[14]); also reported to have been born on 15 September 1629
11. Charlotte of the Palatinate (19 December 1628 – 14 January 1631)
12. Sophia, Electress of Hanover (14 October 1630 – 8 June 1714); married Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, had issue, including King George I of Great Britain. Many other royal families are Sophia's descendants. Sophia came close to ascending to the British throne, but died two months before Queen Anne.
13. Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate (14 January 1632 – 1641)

Contributions to philosophy: Descartes and other prominent figures

Elisabeth met Descartes on one of his visits to The Hague.^[15] Descartes visited The Hague to meet some of the leading intellectual figures in Holland who might support his philosophy. The Hague was often a gathering place to meet other influential, powerful people. As Descartes talked of his ideas, Elisabeth intently listened and became very interested in Descartes' thoughts of the mind and body. After his visit, it was told to him that Elisabeth had been very interested in his work. Descartes was flattered and told others that he would like to get to know the princess better. Descartes made another visit to The Hague, and was intent on having a conversation with Elisabeth, although this conversation for some reason did not happen.

Elisabeth, upon hearing of Descartes' failed attempt to converse with her, wrote to Descartes a letter. In this letter, dated May 16, 1643, Elisabeth writes, "tell me please how the soul of a human being (it being only a thinking substance) can determine the bodily spirits and so bring about voluntary actions".^[16] Elisabeth is questioning Descartes' idea of dualism and how the soul and the body could interact. Elisabeth questioned how something immaterial (Descartes' idea of the mind) could move something material (the body). Descartes replied to Elisabeth's letter with the answer that this interaction should not be thought of as between two bodies and that it is the kind of union that exists between the two qualities of heaviness and bodies.^[16]

Elisabeth was not satisfied with this answer, so she wrote to Descartes again. In this letter, dated June 20, 1643, Elisabeth writes that she cannot "understand the idea through which we must judge how the soul (nonextended and immaterial) is able to move the body, that is, by that idea through which you have at another time understood heaviness ... And I admit that it would be easier for me to concede matter and extension to the mind than it would be for me to concede the capacity to move a body and be moved by one to an immaterial thing."^[16] Jaegwon Kim cites this as the first causal argument for the doctrine of physicalism in philosophy of mind.^[17] In another letter from Elisabeth to Descartes dated July 1, 1643, Elisabeth agrees with Descartes that our senses are evidence that the soul does move the body and the body moves the soul, but that this interaction does not teach us anything about how this happens.^[16] In Elisabeth's correspondence with Descartes, we can see that Elisabeth assumes that Descartes does have an account of how the soul and body interact and asks for clarification on how the soul does this.^[1] In fact, Descartes did not have an exact account of how this happens, but merely assumed the soul had this capability. This particular correspondence between Descartes and Elisabeth ended with this July 1 letter.

The correspondence began again, but two years later. In this correspondence, Elisabeth and Descartes discuss an illness Elisabeth suffered from in the summer of 1645.

In addition to Descartes, Elisabeth held correspondence with many others, including Presbyterian and Puritan Divine Edward Reynolds and various Quakers. Among them most notably were Nicholas Malebranche, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Robert Barclay, and William Penn. While they seemed to have the aim of converting her to their faith, Elisabeth seemed to be focused on the intellectual interest of their ideals and beliefs.^[1] She also held a correspondence for a time with the "Dutch Minerva", Anna Maria van Schurman, who encouraged Elisabeth to further her studies in history, physics, and astronomy. While their correspondence was not extensive, Van Schurman was a mentor to Elisabeth and guided her in her scholarly studies. She was respected and revered by Princess Elisabeth to a great degree. Elisabeth asked for her advice on new topics and subjects of study often. Van Schurman took the initiative in giving Elisabeth her opinion on the new discoveries of their time. The area in which they seemed to diverge was in their opinion of Descartes. Elisabeth was intrigued by the new Cartesian philosophy and wanted to learn more about it. Van Schurman, however, emphatically refuted the idea when Elisabeth inquired about it, instead defending the scholastic traditional view. As much as she respected Van Schurman, this did not stop Elisabeth from pursuing her interest in Descartes and his doctrine. It has been speculated that Elisabeth's correspondence and deep connection with Descartes effectively ended her communications with Van Schurman.^[18]

Contributions to the feminist history of philosophy

Elisabeth of Bohemia has been a key subject in the feminist history of philosophy.