Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations
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Relations between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire (1855–1917) were minimal until 1855, mostly friendly from 1855 to the early 1890s, but then turned hostile, largely over the status of Manchuria and of Korea. The two empires established diplomatic and commercial relations from 1855 onwards. The Russian Empire officially ended in 1917, and was succeeded by Communist rule formalized in 1922 with the formation of the Soviet Union.
For later periods, see Japan–Soviet Union relations (1922–1991) and Japan–Russia relations (1992–present).
Historical relations
Establishment of relations (1778–1860)
From the beginning of the 17th century, the
18th century contacts
In 1778,
A second episode took place in 1792 concerning
Tsar
In 1804, Rezanov got a chance to exercise his diplomatic strength in Japan. On board the ship
Later on, these unsuccessful attacks would be disavowed by Russia and its interest in Japan would drop for a full generation. This would be the case until the
Yevfimy Putyatin
In 1852, on learning of American plans to send Commodore
Deteriorating relations and war (1860–1914)
Three changes took place during the second half of the 19th century, which caused a gradual shift to hostility in the relations between the two countries. While Russia had expanded to the shores of the Pacific since 1639, their position in the region had remained weak, with perhaps 100,000 settlers and a very long supply line. This changed from 1860 onwards, as Russia by the
Treaty of Saint Petersburg
In 1875, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg gave Russia territorial control over all of Sakhalin and gave Japan control over all the Kuril Islands. Japan hoped to prevent Russian expansionism in Japanese territories by clearly delineating the border between the two empires.[9]
Tensions escalated in 1890s
Russia concluded an alliance with China (in 1896 by the
Japanese containment of Russia
In 1902 Japan and the British Empire forged the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which would last until 1923. The purpose of this alliance was to contain the Russian Empire in East Asia. In response to this alliance, Russia formed a similar alliance with France and began to renege on agreements to reduce troop strength in Manchuria. From Russian perspective, it seemed inconceivable that Japan, a non-European power which was considered to be undeveloped (i.e. not-industrial), and almost bereft of natural resources, would challenge the Russian Empire. This view would change when Japan started and won the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).[12]]
War with Russia 1904-1905
In 1895, Japan felt robbed of the spoils of her decisive victory over China by the Western Powers (including Russia), which revised the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 saw Japan and Russia as allies who fought together against the Chinese, with Russians playing the leading role on the battlefield.[13]
In the 1890s, Japan was angered at Russian encroachment on its plans to create a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria. Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded Korea north of the 39th parallel to be a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government decided on war to stop the perceived Russian threat to its plans for expansion into Asia.[14]
After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy opened hostilities by attacking the Russian Eastern Fleet at
In 1905, U.S. President
Relations were good 1905–1917, as the two countries divided up Manchuria and Outer Mongolia.[18]
World War I (1914–1917)
The alliance with Britain prompted Japan to enter World War I on the British (and thus Russian) side. Since Japan and Russia had become allies by convenience, Japan sold back to Russia a number of former Russian ships, which Japan had captured during the Russo-Japanese War. Due to the lack of supplies in the Eastern Front, Russia also ordered rifles, carbines, ammunitions, mountain guns and howitzers from Japan during the war in 1916.[19]
For 1917–1991, see Japan–Soviet Union relations.
Notes
- ^ Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (2000) pp 258-64.
- ISBN 9781602230668.
- ISBN 9780415297301.
- ^ George A. Lensen, "Early Russo-Japanese Relations" Far Eastern Quarterly 10#1 (1950), pp. 2-37.
- ISBN 9781108497572.
- ^ G.B. Sansom, The Western World and Japan, a Study in the Interaction of European and Asiatic Cultures (1949), pp 212-14, 232, 243-45.
- ISBN 9781135071615.
- ^ John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig (1979). A History of East Asian Civilization: East Asia: The modern transformation. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 468–70.
- ISBN 9781317272670.
- ISBN 9780198221685.
- ^ B. V. Ananich, and S. A. Lebedev, "Sergei Witte and the Russo-Japanese War." International Journal of Korean History 7.1 (2005): 109-131. Online Archived 2019-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gordon Daniels et al. "Studies in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1923)" (London School of Economics, 2002) online Archived 2019-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Petr E. Podalko, "‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900-1907." Japan Forum 28#3 (2016).
- ^ Ian Hill Nish, The Origins of the Russo–Japanese War (1985).
- ^ Geoffrey Jukes, The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 (2002) excerpt
- ^ George E. Mowry, "The First Roosevelt," The American Mercury, (November 1946) quote at p. 580
- ^ Eugene P. Trani, The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy (1969).
- ^ David J. Dallin, The Rise of Russia in Asia (1949) pp 87-122.
- ^ Baryshev Eduard, Transformation in Russian and Soviet Military History, USAF Academy, The Issue of Armaments Supply in Russo-Japanese Relations during the First World War (August 1914 – March 1917)
Further reading
- Akagi, Roy Hidemichi. Japan's Foreign Relations 1542–1936: A Short History (1979)
- Beasley, William G. Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945 (1987).
- Brown, James D. J. (2016). Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion. Routledge. ISBN 9781317272670.
- Dallin, David J. The Rise of Russia in Asia (1949)
- Dunley, Richard. "‘The warrior has always shewed himself greater than his weapons’: the Royal Navy's interpretation of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5." War & Society 34.4 (2015): 248-262.
- Langer, William A. The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902 (2nd ed 1950) ch. 12, 14, 23.
- Lensen, George A. "Early Russo-Japanese Relations" Far Eastern Quarterly 10#1 (1950), pp. 2–37.
- Lensen, George Alexander. "Russians in Japan, 1858-1859." Journal of Modern History 26.2 (1954): 162-173. online
- Lensen, George A. The Russian Push Toward Japan: Russo-Japanese Relations, 1697–1875 (2011)
- Lim. Susanna Soojung (2013). China and Japan in the Russian Imagination, 1685-1922: To the Ends of the Orient. Routledge. ISBN 9781135071615.
- Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak. The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932 (2003)
- Miller, Chris. We Shall Be Masters: Russian Pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin (Harvard University Press, 2021) online book review
- Morley, James William, ed. Japan's foreign policy, 1868-1941: a research guide (Columbia UP, 1974), toward Russia and USSR pp 340–406.
- Papastratagakis, Nicholas. Russian Imperialism and Naval Power: Military Strategy and the Build-Up to the Russo-Japanese War (2011)
- Podalko, Petr E. "‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900-1907." Japan Forum 28#3 (2016).
- Romaniello, Matthew P. (2019). Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108497572.
- Shendrikova, Diana. "The Russo-Japanese War in Russian and Japanese Public Opinion and Historical Research." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (2012): 55. online
- Takeuchi, Tatsuji. War and diplomacy in the Japanese Empire (1935); a major scholarly history online free in pdf
- Tolstoguzov, Sergey. "Russian–Japanese relations after the Russo-Japanese war in the context of world politics." Japan Forum 28#3 (2016) online.
- Wells, David N. (2004). Russian Views of Japan, 1792-1913: An Anthology of Travel Writing. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415297301.
- Yakhontoff, Victor A. Russia and the Soviet Union in the Far East, (1932) online
See also
Russia
- Russian history, 1855–1892
- Russian history, 1892–1917
- Sino-Russian relations
- Russia–United States relations
Japan
- Sakoku
- Japan–United Kingdom relations
- People's Republic of China–Japan relations
- Japan–United States relations