Ethnic groups in South Africa
Part of a series on the |
Culture of South Africa |
---|
People |
Cuisine |
Religion |
Art |
Sport |
Racial groups in South Africa have a variety of origins. The
Black South Africans
The majority population of
Black South African ethnicity's native distribution is also found across countries neighbouring South Africa. The Basotho are the majority ethnic group of
African
African in South Africa refers to Black South Africans, unequivocally indigenous South Africans. It is also used to generally refer to Black people, who are expatriates in South Africa.
The
Demographics
As of the calculations of 2004, there are 34,216,164 Black people and 8,625,050 Black households residing in South Africa. The Black population density is 29/km2. The density of Black households is 7/km2. Blacks made up 79.0% of the total population in 2011 and 81% in 2016.[11] The percentage of all Black households that are made up of individuals is 19.9%. The average Black household size is 4.11 members.[citation needed]
In South Africa, the Black population is spread out, with 34.0% under the age of 15, 21.6% from 15 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 11.8% from 45 to 64 and 4.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age of a Black South African is 21 years. For every 100 Black females there are 91.1 Black males. For every 100 Black females age 18 and over, there are 86.2 Black males.[12]
With regard to education, 22.3% of Black people aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 18.5% have had some primary, 6.9% have completed only primary school, 30.4% have had some high education, 16.8% have finished only high school and 5.2% have an education higher than the high school level. Overall, 22.0% of Black people have completed high school and 59% of Black people, aged 25 to 64, have an upper secondary education as their highest level of education. This places South Africa above the G20 average of 32% and the OECD average of 38%.[13]
The percentage of Black housing units having a telephone and/or mobile phone in the dwelling is 31.1%. The percentage having access to a nearby phone is 57.2%, and 11.7% do not have nearby access or any access. The percentage of Black households that have a flush or chemical toilet is 41.9%.
The unemployment rate of the Black population aged 15–65 is 28.1%. The median annual income of Black working adults aged 15–65 is ZAR 12,073. Black males have a median annual income of ZAR 14,162 versus ZAR 8,903 for Black females.[14]
Coloured South Africans
The Coloured population is mainly concentrated in the Cape region, and come from a combination of ethnic backgrounds including Indigenous South Africans, Whites, Griqua and Asians.[15]
It is important to denote that this
In detail, Coloureds descend from indigenous African people (
Khoisan refers to two separate groups. The
Within the Coloured community, more recent immigrants will also be found i.e. Coloureds from the former Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); Namibia and immigrants of mixed descent from India (such as
In 2008, the Pretoria High Court ruled that the descendants of mainland Chinese who arrived before 1994, and had been classified as a subgroup of Coloured by the apartheid government, were eligible for redress. As a result of this ruling, about 12,000–15,000[17] ethnically Chinese citizens who arrived before 1994, numbering 3%–5% of the total Chinese population in the country, will be able to benefit from government BEE policies.[18]
White South Africans
White people in South Africa are predominantly descendants of Dutch, German, French
There have been other White immigration waves to South Africa in recent decades. In the 1970s, many Portuguese residents of African colonies such as Angola and Mozambique moved to South Africa after the independence of those nations. In addition, the apartheid government encouraged Central European immigration in the 1980s and early 1990s, particularly from Poland and
Demographics
As of the census of 2001, there are 4,293,638 Whites and 1,409,690 White households residing in South Africa. The White population density is 4/km2. The density of White households is 1.16/km2. Whites made up 9.6% of the total population.
The percentage of all White households that are made up of individuals is 19.1%. The average White household size is 3.05 members. In South Africa, the White population is spread out, with 19.0% under the age of 15, 15.1% from 15 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age of a White is 35 years. For every 100 White females there are 94.0 White males. For every 100 White females age 18 and over, there are 91.1 White males.
With regards to education, 1.4% of Whites aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 1.2% have had no more than some primary school education, 0.8% have only completed primary school, 25.9% have had no more than some high school education, 41.3% have finished only high school, and 29.8% have an education higher than the high-school level. Overall, 70.7% of Whites have completed high school.
The percentage of White housing units having a telephone and/or mobile phone in the dwelling is 95.4%. The percentage having access to a nearby phone is 4.4%, and 0.2% do not have nearby access or any access. The percentage of White households that have a flush or chemical toilet is 98.7%. Waste is removed from 90.8% of White households by the municipality at least once a week, and 0.5% have no rubbish disposal. Some 87.2% of White have running water inside their dwelling, 95.6% have running water on their property, and 99.4% have access to running water. The percentage of White households using electricity for cooking is 96.6%, for heating, 93.2%, and for lighting, 99.2%. Radios are owned by 94.7% of White households while 92.6% have a television, 46.0% own a computer, 97.6% have a refrigerator, and 74.6% have a mobile phone.
The unemployment rate of the White population aged 15–65 is 4.1%. The median annual income of White working adults aged 15–65 is ZAR 65,000. White males have a median annual income of ZAR 81,701 versus ZAR 52,392 for White females.[citation needed]
Indian South Africans
Descendants of migrants from
Chinese South Africans
There is also a significant group of
Smaller groups
There is a small but notable population of Lemba people who live primarily in the north eastern regions of South Africa who have Bantu and Semitic origins.
A small population of Kalderash Roma live in South Africa.[26][27]
Population growth
Between 2009 and 2016, South Africa's population increased by 11.6% from an estimated 49.9 million to an estimated 55.7 million.[28][29]
Year | African | Coloured | White | Indian/Asian | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | ±% p.a. | Pop. | ±% p.a. | Pop. | ±% p.a. | Pop. | ±% p.a. | Pop. | ±% p.a. | |
1996 | 31,127,631 | — | 3,600,446 | — | 4,434,697 | — | 1,045,596 | — | 40,583,573 | — |
2001 | 35,416,166 | +2.6% | 3,994,505 | +2.1% | 4,293,640 | −3.2% | 1,115,467 | +6.7% | 44,819,778 | +10.4% |
2011 | 41,000,938 | +1.5% | 4,615,401 | +1.5% | 4,586,838 | +6.8% | 1,286,930 | +15.4% | 51,770,560 | +15.5% |
2014 | 43,333,700 | +1.9% | 4,771,500 | +1.1% | 4,554,800 | −0.7% | 1,341,900 | +4.3% | 54,002,000 | +4.3% |
References
- ^ Rondganger, Lee (6 June 2006). "Being an African makes me who I am". IOL. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ du Preez, Max (9 March 2011). "Are we all 'coloured'?". News24. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ ISSN 0258-7696. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 November 2006.
- ^ ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8.
- ^ Lehohla, Pali (5 May 2005). "Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA". Business Report. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.
- ISBN 9780621413885. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ Census 2001 Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Statistics South Africa.
- ^ a b "Midyear population estimates: 2010" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
- ISBN 0-520-04547-5.
- ^ a b "Platfontein 2011 census results".
- ^ "StatsSA" (PDF). StatsSA. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ISSN 0147-1767.
- ^ “Education at a Glance: South Africa”. OECD. 2019. https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2019_CN_ZAF.pdf
- ^ "Unemployment, race and poverty in South Africa". Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-275-97353-7.
- S2CID 144543571.
- ^ Conason, Joe (19 June 2008). "Chinese declared black". Salon.com. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
- ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
- ISBN 978-0-521-67515-4.
- ^ "The New Great Trek – The Story of South Africa's White Exodus". Unisa.ac.za. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ "Policy Series". Queensu.ca. 7 October 1997. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ "Britons living in SA to enjoy royal wedding". Eyewitness News. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Rhodie oldies". New Internationalist. 1985. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
- ^ Jane Flanagan (3 May 2014). "Why white South Africans are coming home". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
- ISBN 9783319470306.
- OCLC 1299383669.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (PDF). p. 258.
- PMID 29232366.
- S2CID 236933396.