Fieldbus
A fieldbus is a member of a family of industrial digital communication networks[1] used for real-time distributed control. Fieldbus profiles are standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as IEC 61784/61158.
A complex
Description
A fieldbus is an industrial network system for real-time distributed control. It is a way to connect instruments in a manufacturing plant. A fieldbus works on a network structure which typically allows
History
The most important motivation to use a fieldbus in a
Precursors of fieldbuses
General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB)
Arguably the precursor field bus technology is HP-IB as described in
The GPIB has its main application in automated measurements with instruments from different manufacturers. It is a
Bitbus
The oldest commonly used field bus technology is Bitbus. Bitbus was created by
Today BITBUS is maintained by the BEUG - BITBUS European Users Group.[6]
Computer networks for automation
Office networks are not really suited for automation applications, as they lack the upper bounded transmission delay. ARCNET, which was conceived as early as 1975 for office connectivity uses a token mechanism and therefore found later uses in industry,
Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)
The Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) was an implementation of OSI-compliant protocols in automation technology initiated by General Motors in 1984. MAP became a LAN standardization proposal supported by many manufacturers and was mainly used in factory automation. MAP has used the 10 Mbit/s IEEE 802.4 token bus as transmission medium.
Due to its scope and complexity, MAP failed to make the big breakthrough. To reduce the complexity and reach faster processing with reduced resources the Enhanced Performance Architecture (EPA) MAP was developed in 1988. This MiniMap[7] contains only levels 1,2 and 7 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) basic reference model. This shortcut was taken over by the later fieldbus definitions.
The most important achievement of MAP is Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), the application layer of MAP.
Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS)
The Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) is an international standard ISO 9506[8] dealing with an application protocol and services for transferring real time process data and supervisory control information between networked devices or computer applications published as a first version in 1986.
It has been a model for many further developments in other industrial communication standardizations such as FMS for Profibus or SDO for CANopen. It is still in use as a possible application layer e.g. for power utility automation in the IEC 61850 standards.
Fieldbuses for manufacturing automation
In the field of manufacturing automation the requirements for a fieldbus are to support short reaction times with only a few bits or bytes to be transmitted over not more than some hundreds of meters.
MODBUS
In 1979 Modicon (now
PROFIBUS
A research project with the financial support of the German government defined in 1987 the fieldbus
INTERBUS
In 1987
The INTERBUS was very successful in the manufacturing industry with more than 22,9 million of devices installed in the field. The Interbus joined the Profinet technology for Ethernet-based fieldbus Profinet and the INTERBUS is now maintained by the Profibus Nutzerorganisation e.V.[14]
CAN
During the 1980s, to solve communication problems between different control systems in cars, the German company
DeviceNet was developed by the American company Allen-Bradley (now owned by Rockwell Automation) and the ODVA (Open DeviceNet Vendor Association) as an open fieldbus standard based on the CAN protocol. DeviceNet is standardised in the European standard EN 50325. Specification and maintenance of the DeviceNet standard is the responsibility of ODVA. Like ControlNet and EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet belongs to the family of CIP-based networks. CIP (Common Industrial Protocol) forms the common application layer of these three industrial networks. DeviceNet, ControlNet and Ethernet/IP are therefore well coordinated and provide the user with a graded communication system for the management level (EtherNet/IP), cell level (ControlNet) and field level (DeviceNet). DeviceNet is an object-oriented bus system and operates according to the producer/consumer method. DeviceNet devices can be client (master) or server (slave) or both. Clients and servers can be Producer, Consumer or both.
CANopen was developed by the CiA (CAN in Automation), the user and manufacturer association for CANopen, and has been standardized as European standard EN 50325-4 since the end of 2002. CANopen uses layers 1 and 2 of the CAN standard (ISO 11898-2) and extensions with regard to pin assignment, transmission rates and the application layer.
Fieldbuses for process automation
In process automation traditionally most of the field transmitters are connected over a current loop with 4-20 mA to the controlling device. This allows not only to transmit the measured value with the level of the current, but also provide the required electrical power to the field device with just one two-wire cable of a length of more than a thousand meters. These systems are also installed in hazardous areas. According to NAMUR a fieldbus in these applications has to fulfill these requirements.[15] A special standard for instrumentation IEC/EN 60079-27 is describing requirements for the Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO) for installations in zone 0, 1 or 2.
WorldFIP
The FIP standard is based on a French initiative in 1982 to create a requirements analysis for a future field bus standard. The study led to the European Eureka initiative for a field bus standard in June 1986 that included 13 partners. The development group (réseaux locaux industriels) created the first proposal to be standardized in France. The name of the FIP field bus was originally given as an abbreviation of the French "Flux d'Information vers le Processus" while later referring to FIP with the English name "Factory Instrumentation Protocol".
FIP has lost ground to Profibus which came to prevail the market in Europe in the following decade - the WorldFIP homepage has seen no press release since 2002. The closest cousin of the FIP family can be found today in the
Foundation Fieldbus (FF)
Foundation Fieldbus was developed over a period of many years by the International Society of Automation (ISA) as SP50. Foundation Fieldbus today enjoys a growing installed base in many heavy process applications such as refining, petrochemicals, power generation, and even food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and nuclear applications.[16]
Effective January 1, 2015, the Fieldbus Foundation has become part of the new FieldComm Group.[17]
PROFIBUS-PA
Profibus PA (process automation) is used for communication between measuring and process instruments, actuators and process control system or PLC/DCS in process engineering. Profibus PA is a Profibus version with physical layer suitable for process automation, in which several segments (PA segments) with field instruments can be connected to Profibus DP via so-called couplers. The two-wire bus cable of these segments takes over not only the communication, but also the power supply of the participants (MBP transmission technology). Another special feature of Profibus PA is the widely used device profile "PA Devices" (PA Profile), [18] in which the most important functions of the field devices are standardized across manufacturers.
Fieldbuses for building automation
The market of building automation has also different requirements for the application of a fieldbus:
- installation bus with a lot of simple I/O distributed over a large space.
- automation fieldbus for control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
- management network for facility management
The BatiBUS defined in 1989 and used mainly in France, the
LonWorks
Going back to the 1980s, unlike other networks, LonWorks is the result of the work of computer scientists from Echelon Corporation. In 1999 the communications protocol (then known as LonTalk) was submitted to ANSI and accepted as a standard for control networking (ANSI/CEA-709.1-B), in 2005 as EN 14908 (European building automation standard). The protocol is also one of several data link/physical layers of the BACnet ASHRAE/ANSI standard for building automation.
BACnet
The
Standardization
Although fieldbus technology has been around since 1988, with the completion of the ISA S50.02 standard, the development of the international standard took many years. In 1999, the IEC SC65C/WG6 standards committee met to resolve difference in the draft IEC fieldbus standard. The result of this meeting was the initial form of the IEC 61158 standard with eight different protocol sets called "Types".
This form of standard was first developed for the
Structure of fieldbus standards
There were many competing technologies for fieldbuses and the original hope for one single unified communications mechanism has not been realized. This should not be unexpected since fieldbus technology needs to be implemented differently in different applications; automotive fieldbuses are functionally different from process plant control fieldbuses.
IEC 61158: Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specification
In June 1999 the IEC's Committee of Action (CA) decided to take a new structure for the fieldbus standards beginning with a first edition valid at the January 1, 2000, in time for the new millennium: There is a large IEC 61158 standard, where all fieldbuses find their place.[23] The experts have decided that the structure of IEC 61158 is maintained according to different layers, divided into services and protocols. The individual fieldbuses are incorporated into this structure as different types.
The Standard IEC 61158 Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications is split into the following parts:
- IEC 61158-1 Part 1: Overview and guidance for the IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 series
- IEC 61158-2 PhL: Part 2: Physical layer specification and service definition
- IEC 61158-3-x DLL: Part 3-x: Data-link layer service definition - Type x elements
- IEC 61158-4-x DLL: Part 4-x: Data-link layer protocol specification - Type x elements
- IEC 61158-5-x AL: Part 5-x: Application layer service definition - Type x elements
- IEC 61158-6-x AL: Part 6-x: Application layer protocol specification - Type x elements
Each part still contains several thousand pages. Therefore, these parts have been further subdivided into subparts. The individual protocols have simply been numbered with a type. Each protocol type thus has its own subpart if required.
In order to find the corresponding subpart of the individual parts of the IEC 61158 standard, one must know the corresponding protocol type for a specific family.
In the 2019 edition of IEC 61158 up to 26 different types of protocols are specified. In IEC 61158 standardization, the use of brand names is avoided and replaced by dry technical terms and abbreviations. For example, Ethernet is replaced by the technically correct CSMA/CD or a reference to the corresponding ISO standard 8802.3. This is also the case with fieldbus names, they all are replaced by type numbers. The reader will therefore never find a designation such as PROFIBUS or DeviceNet in the entire IEC 61158 fieldbus standard. In the section Compliance to IEC 61784 a complete reference table is provided.
IEC 61784: Industrial communication networks - Profiles
It is clear that this collection of fieldbus standards in IEC 61158 is not suitable for implementation. It must be supplemented with instructions for use. These instructions show how and which parts of IEC 61158 can be assembled to a functioning system. This assembly instruction has been compiled subsequently as IEC 61784 fieldbus profiles.
According to IEC 61158-1[24] the Standard IEC 61784 is split in the following parts:
- IEC 61784-1 Profile sets for continuous and discrete manufacturing relative to fieldbus use in industrial control systems
- IEC 61784-2 Additional profiles for ISO/IEC 8802 3 based communication networks in real-time applications
- IEC 61784-3 Functional safety fieldbuses – General rules and profile definitions
- IEC 61784-3-n Functional safety fieldbuses – Additional specifications for CPF n
- IEC 61784-5-n Installation of fieldbuses - Installation profiles for CPF n
IEC 61784-1: Fieldbus profiles
The IEC 61784 Part 1[25] standard with the name Profile sets for continuous and discrete manufacturing relative to fieldbus use in industrial control systems lists all fieldbuses which are proposed by the national standardization bodies. In the first edition in 2003 7 different Communication Profile Families (CPF) are introduced:
- CPF 1 FOUNDATION Fieldbus
- CPF 2 ControlNet
- CPF 3 PROFIBUS
- CPF 4 P-NET
- CPF 5 WorldFIP
- CPF 6 INTERBUS
- CPF 7 SwiftNet
Swiftnet, which is widely used in aircraft construction (Boeing), was included in the first edition of the standard. This later proves to be a mistake and in the 2007 edition 2 this protocol was removed from the standard. At the same time, the CPF 8
See List of automation protocols for fieldbuses that are not included in this standard.
IEC 61784-2: Real-time Ethernet
Already in edition 2 of the fieldbus profile first profiles based on Ethernet as physical layer are included. with a new Real-Time Publish-Subscribe MODBUS-RTPS and the legacy profile MODBUS-TCP.
The
So the list of RTE for the first edition in 2007 is already long:
- CPF 2 CIP
- CPF 3 PROFINET
- CPF 4 P-NET[28]
- CPF 6 INTERBUS
- CPF 10 Vnet/IP[29]
- CPF 11 TCnet[30]
- CPF 12 EtherCAT
- CPF 13 ETHERNET Powerlink
- CPF 14 Ethernet for Plant Automation (EPA)
- CPF 15 MODBUS
- CPF 16 SERCOS
In 2010 already a second edition was published to include CPF 17
are added to the edition four in 2019.For details about these RTEs see the article on Industrial Ethernet.
IEC 61784-3: Safety
For functional safety, different consortia have developed different protocols for safety applications up to Safety Integrity Level 3 (SIL) according to IEC 61508 or Performance Level "e" (PL) according to ISO 13849. What most solutions have in common is that they are based on a Black Channel and can therefore be transmitted via different fieldbuses and networks. Depending on the actual profile the safety protocol does provide measures like counters, CRCs, echo, timeout, unique sender and receiver IDs or cross check.
The first edition issued in 2007 of IEC 61784 Part 3[34] named Industrialcommunication networks – Profiles – Functional safety fieldbuses includes the Communication Profile Families (CPF):
- CPF 1 FOUNDATION Fieldbus[35]
- CPF 2 CIP with CIP safety
- CPF 3 PROFINET with PROFIsafe
- CPF 6 INTERBUS
SERCOS does use the CIP safety protocol as well.[36] In the second edition issued in 2010 additional CPF are added to the standard:
- CPF 8 CC-Link
- CPF 12 EtherCAT with Safety over EtherCAT
- CPF 13 Ethernet POWERLINK with openSAFETY
- CPF 14 EPA
In the third edition in 2016 the last safety profile CPF 17 SafetyNET p was added. A new edition 4 is expected to be published in 2021. The standard has now 9 different safety profiles. They are all included and referenced in the global compliance table in the next section.
Compliance to IEC 61784
The protocol families of each brand name are called Communication Profile Family and are abbreviated as CPF with a number. Each protocol family can now define fieldbuses, real-time Ethernet solutions, installation rules and protocols for functional safety. These possible profile families are laid down in IEC 61784 and compiled in the following table.
Communication Profiles Families (CPF) and Services and Protocol Types
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As an example, we will search for the standards for PROFIBUS-DP. This belongs to the CPF 3 family and has the profile CP 3/1. In Table 5 we find that its protocol scope is defined in IEC 61784 Part 1. It uses protocol type 3, so the documents IEC 61158-3-3, 61158-4-3, 61158-5-3 and 61158-6-3 are required for the protocol definitions. The physical interface is defined in the common 61158-2 under type 3. The installation regulations can be found in IEC 61784-5-3 in Appendix A. It can be combined with the FSCP3/1 as PROFIsafe, which is defined in the IEC 61784-3-3 standard.
To avoid the manufacturer having to list all these standards explicitly, the reference to the profile is specified in the standard. In the case of our example for the PROFIBUS-DP, the specification of the relevant standards would therefore have to be
Compliance to IEC 61784-1 Ed.3:2019 CPF 3/1
IEC 62026: Controller-device interfaces (CDIs)
Requirements of fieldbus networks for process automation applications (flowmeters, pressure transmitters, and other measurement devices and control valves in industries such as hydrocarbon processing and power generation) are different from the requirements of fieldbus networks found in discrete manufacturing applications such as automotive manufacturing, where large numbers of discrete sensors are used including motion sensors, position sensors, and so on. Discrete fieldbus networks are often referred to as "device networks".
Already in the year 2000 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) decided that a set of controller-device interfaces (CDIs) will be specified by the Technical Committee TC 121 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear to cover the device networks. This set of standards with the number IEC 62026[37] includes in the actual edition of 2019 the following parts:
- IEC 62026-1: Part 1: General rules
- IEC 62026-2: Part 2: Actuator sensor interface (AS-i)
- IEC 62026-3: Part 3: DeviceNet
- IEC 62026-7: Part 7: CompoNet
The following parts have been withdrawn in 2006 and are not maintained anymore:
- IEC 62026-5: Part 5: Smart distributed system (SDS)
- IEC 62026-6: Part 6: Seriplex (Serial Multiplexed Control Bus)
Cost advantage
The amount of cabling required is much lower in fieldbus than in 4–20 mA installations. This is because many devices share the same set of cables in a multi-dropped fashion rather than requiring a dedicated set of cables per device as in the case of 4–20 mA devices. Moreover, several parameters can be communicated per device in a fieldbus network whereas only one parameter can be transmitted on a 4–20 mA connection. A fieldbus also provides a good foundation for the creation of a predictive and proactive maintenance strategy. The diagnostics available from fieldbus devices can be used to address issues with devices before they become critical problems.[38]
Networking
Despite each technology sharing the generic name of fieldbus the various fieldbuses are not readily interchangeable. The differences between them are so profound that they cannot be easily connected to each other.[39] To understand the differences among fieldbus standards, it is necessary to understand how fieldbus networks are designed. With reference to the OSI model, fieldbus standards are determined by the physical media of the cabling, and layers one, two and seven of the reference model.
For each technology the physical medium and the physical layer standards fully describe, in detail, the implementation of bit timing, synchronization, encoding/decoding, band rate, bus length and the physical connection of the transceiver to the communication wires. The data link layer standard is responsible for fully specifying how messages are assembled ready for transmission by the physical layer, error handling, message-filtering and bus arbitration and how these standards are to be implemented in hardware. The application layer standard, in general defines how the data communication layers are interfaced to the application that wishes to communicate. It describes message specifications, network management implementations and response to the request from the application of services. Layers three to six are not described in fieldbus standards.[40]
Features
Different fieldbuses offer different sets of features and performance. It is difficult to make a general comparison of fieldbus performance because of fundamental differences in data transfer methodology. In the comparison table below it is simply noted if the fieldbus in question typically supports data update cycles of 1 millisecond or faster.
Fieldbus | Bus power | Cabling redundancy | Max devices | Synchronisation | Sub millisecond cycle |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFDX
|
No | Yes | Almost unlimited | No | Yes |
AS-Interface | Yes | No | 62 | No | No |
CANopen | No | No | 127 | Yes | No |
CompoNet | Yes | No | 384 | No | Yes |
ControlNet | No | Yes | 99 | No | No |
CC-Link
|
No | No | 64 | No | No |
DeviceNet | Yes | No | 64 | No | No |
EtherCAT | Yes | Yes | 65,536 | Yes | Yes |
Ethernet Powerlink | No | Optional | 240 | Yes | Yes |
EtherNet/IP | No | Optional | Almost unlimited | Yes | Yes |
Interbus
|
No | No | 511 | No | No |
LonWorks | No | No | 32,000 | No | No |
Modbus | No | No | 246 | No | No |
PROFIBUS DP
|
No | Optional | 126 | Yes | No |
PROFIBUS PA
|
Yes | No | 126 | No | No |
PROFINET IO
|
No | Optional | Almost unlimited | No | No |
PROFINET IRT
|
No | Optional | Almost unlimited | Yes | Yes |
SERCOS III | No | Yes | 511 | Yes | Yes |
SERCOS interface | No | No | 254 | Yes | Yes |
Foundation Fieldbus H1 | Yes | No | 240 | Yes | No |
Foundation HSE | No | Yes | Almost unlimited | Yes | No |
RAPIEnet | No | Yes | 256 | Under Development | Conditional |
Fieldbus | Bus power | Cabling redundancy | Max devices | Synchronisation | Sub millisecond cycle |
Market
As of 2008[update], in process control systems, the market is dominated by Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus PA.[41] Both technologies use the same physical layer (2-wire Manchester-encoded current modulation at 31.25 kHz) but are not interchangeable. As a general guide, applications which are controlled and monitored by programmable logic controllers (PLCs) tend towards PROFIBUS, and applications which are controlled and monitored by a digital/distributed control system (DCS) tend towards Foundation Fieldbus. PROFIBUS technology is made available through Profibus International with headquarters in Karlsruhe, Germany. Foundation Fieldbus technology is owned and distributed by the Fieldbus Foundation of Austin, Texas.
See also
References
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