First Anglo-Maratha War
This article possibly contains original research. (November 2019) |
First Anglo-Maratha War | |||||||
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Part of the Anglo-Maratha Wars | |||||||
A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at Vadgaon Maval (Off NH-4, Malinagar, Vadgaon Maval, Pune). | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
East India Company Raghunathrao's Forces |
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
23 ships[8] |
Around 146,000 troops total[3][8] 14 ships[8] |
Wars of Great Britain |
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The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three
Background
After the death of
At the same time, the Marathas tried to form a military alliance with the French. Two Frenchmen, Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny acted as intermediaries between the France and the Poona Regency. However, the alliance proposals reached nowhere, while the British suspicions of a global anti-British front increased, since the American War of Independence was also going up around this same period.[12]
The
Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1774–1775)
British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left
The Treaty of Purandar (or Treaty of Purandhar) was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by the
The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.
Battle of Wadgaon
Following a treaty between France and the
Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The British
Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed
Central India and the Deccan
After capturing Bassein, Goddard marched towards Pune. But he was routed in the Battle of Bhor Ghat in April 1781 by Parshurambha, Haripant Phadke and Tukoji Holkar.[8][10]
In central India,
In February 1781, the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri,[18] but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and elephants.[20] Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced.
The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at Sironj,[9]: 62 the British avenged the loss through the Battle of Durdah[21] on 24 March 1781.
Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri, Mahadji Shinde got alarmed. Therefore, Shinde proposed a new treaty between the Peshwas and the British which came to be known as "Treaty of Salbai".
Treaty of Salbai
This treaty, known as the Treaty of Salbai, was signed on 17 May 1782, and was ratified by Hastings in June 1782 and by Nana Phadnavis in February 1783. The treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status quo, and established peace between the two parties for 20 years until the Second Anglo-Maratha War.[9]: 63
In popular culture
The 2013 Hollywood film titled The Lovers is based on the backdrop of this war.[22]
See also
- Second Anglo-Maratha War
- Third Anglo-Maratha War
- List of Maratha dynasties and states
- James Hartley (Indian officer)
Notes
- ^ Camac (not to be confused with Carnac!) received his promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel while on this mission
- ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9.
Marathas thoroughly defeated the British. Finally, under severe pressure from London, the British sought peace.
- ISBN 9788172111632.
When they were united they inflicted a crushing defeat on the English in the 1st Anglo-Maratha war and the treaty of Salbai
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8160-7109-8.
This period also coincided with the First Anglo-Maratha War, which was settled only in 1782 with a Maratha victory over the British and their local allies.
- ISBN 9780679506485.)
Thereafter the Marathas defeated British-led forces.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 9781135950347.
British were compelled to restore all lands annexed from the Marathas since 1773 and renounced their connection with the would-be Peshwa, Raghunath Rao.
- ISBN 9780679506485.)
Hastings promptly repudiated the Treaty of Wadgaon and sent troops from Calcutta all the way across central India to strengthen the Bombay forces. One by one they captured Maratha cities. In May 1782 a new treaty was signed with the Marathas, the Treaty of Salbai. Although it merely restored the status quo ante bellum, this treaty gave the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas and permitted them to concentrate their efforts against the French and the forces of Mysore.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-81-317-5512-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7154-696-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- ^ a b Duff, James Grant (1878). "History of the Mahrattas".
- ISBN 978-81-7099-581-4.
- ISBN 978-1-315-27680-9, retrieved 30 August 2023
- ^ ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Treaty of Purandhar After the death of the peshwa Narayan Rao in 1773, his uncle Raghunath Rao tried to secure the succession.Raghunath's claim in the Treaty of Surat (7 March 1775) in return for Salsette Island and Bassein (Vasai). But the supreme government disallowed this treaty and sent its own agent to renegotiate. The resulting Treaty of Purandhar annulled that of Surat. Raghunath was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but Salsette and the Broach revenues were retained by the British. The tangle was increased by the support of the London authorities for Bombay, which in 1778–79 again supported Raghunath. Peace was finally restored in 1782.
- ^ Sugden, p. 96. It appeared that the Mahrattas had no plans to recover Bassein and Salsette by force, and that they were about to conclude an armistice with the East India Company. Indeed, the supreme council of the company had sent a plenipotentiary to the Mahratta capital, Poona, and it was expected that Salsette would be yielded without violence. This is, in fact, what happened. By playing one faction among the Mahrattas against the other, the company secured Salsette in 1776 by the treaty of Purandhar.
- ^ Athale, Colonel Anil A (12 January 2018). "How a Maratha general defeated the British". Rediff News.
- ^ "Bhadra Fort to turn into heritage hangout!". The Times of India. Ahmedabad. TNN. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ a b Duff, James Grant (1826). A History of the Mahrattas. London: Longman. p. 446.
- ^ Beveridge, Henry (1862). A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social. Blackie. pp. 456–466.
- ^ Mill, James (1826). "Chapter 6". The History of British India. Vol. 4. London: Baldwin.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
- ^ "Atul and Milind's The Lovers to be premiered at Cannes". The Times of India. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
Further reading
- Beck, Sanderson. India & Southeast Asia to 1800 (2006) "Marathas and the English Company 1701–1818" online. Retrieved 1 October 2004.
- Gordon, Stewart. Marathas, marauders, and state formation in eighteenth-century India (Oxford University Press, 1994).
- Gordon, Stewart. "The Marathas," in New Cambridge History of India, II.4, (Cambridge U Press, 1993).
- Seshan, Radhika. "The Maratha State: Some Preliminary Considerations." Indian Historical Review 41.1 (2014): 35–46. online
External links
- Athale, Anil. Anil Athale on Joffe's Invaders. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- Hameed, Shahul. The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782). Retrieved 1 October 2004.
- Indian History – British Period. Retrieved 1 October 2004.
- Paranjpe, Amit et al. History of Maharashtra Archived 2004-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 October 2004.
- https://sites.google.com/vvdatalink.com/vv-datalink/knowledge/history/indian-history/mordern-history/anglo-maratha-wars Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine