Bengal



Bengal (
Various
The last independent
Bengali culture, particularly its
Etymology
The name of Bengal is derived from the ancient kingdom of
History
Antiquity


The ancient geopolitical divisions of Bengal included
The region was known to the ancient
The first unified Bengali polity can be traced to the reign of
Muslim trade with Bengal flourished after the fall of the
- Ancient Bengal
-
Artefact found in Chandraketugarh
Sultanate period

In 1204, the
In 1338, new rebellions sprung up in Bengal's three main towns. Governors in Lakhnauti,
The initial raids of Ilyas Shah saw the first Muslim army enter
The five dynastic periods of the Bengal Sultanate spanned from the
- Sultanate period
-
Mosque in the 15th century Bengal style by Sita Ram
Mughal period

In 1717, the Mughal court in Delhi recognized the hereditary monarchy of the Nawab of Bengal. The ruler was officially titled as the "Nawab of Bengal,
Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a centre of the worldwide muslin and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important centre of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.[49] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.[50] From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,[51] cotton cloth was exported to the Americas and the Indian Ocean.[52] Bengal also had a large shipbuilding industry. In terms of shipbuilding tonnage during the 16th–18th centuries, economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the annual output of Bengal at 223,250 tons, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.[53]
Since the 16th century, European traders traversed the sea routes to Bengal, following the Portuguese conquests of Malacca and Goa. The Portuguese established a
- Mughal Bengal
-
Lukachari Gateway
-
Ruins of Katra Masjid
Colonial era (1757–1947)


In Bengal effective political and military power was transferred from the old regime to the British East India Company around 1757–65.[54]
Company policies led to the deindustrialisation of Bengal's textile industry.
In 1862, the
The Bengal Presidency was the largest administrative unit in the
In 1876, about 200,000 people were killed in Bengal by the
The
Bengal played a major role in the
- Colonial Bengal
-
Chittagong circa 1703
-
Hugli-Chuchura, 1787
-
Dhaka in 1861
Partition of Bengal (1947)

On 27 April 1947, the last
On 3 June 1947, the
The English barrister
Geography
Most of the Bengal region lies in the
The flat and fertile Bangladesh Plain dominates the
West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the
At least nine districts in West Bengal and 42 districts in Bangladesh have arsenic levels in groundwater above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 50 µg/L or 50 parts per billion and the untreated water is unfit for human consumption.[79] The water causes arsenicosis, skin cancer and various other complications in the body.
- Fertile Plains of Bengal
-
Plains during the dry season
-
Cultivated plots of land
-
Rice field
-
Jute field
-
Mustard and sugarcane field
-
Rivers and canals
Historical, political and cultural geography
-
Vanga and Pundra in the Late Vedic period
-
Vanga and Pundra in the
mahajanapadaperiod -
Ptolemy's map, 1st century
-
The Gauda Kingdom, 4th century
-
Samatata, 4th century
-
The Pala Empire in 800
-
The Bengal Sultanate in 1525
-
Mughal Bengal in 1776 by James Rennell
-
The northern part of the Bengal Presidency in 1858
-
Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1907
-
Province of Bengal (1931)
-
Geographical distribution of the Bengali language in South Asia
Geographic distinctions
North Bengal

Northeast Bengal
Northeast Bengal
The region is the crossroads of Bengal and northeast India.
Central Bengal

Central Bengal refers to the
South Bengal
South Bengal covers the southwestern Bangladesh and the southern part of the Indian state of West Bengal.The Bangladeshi part includes
The Sundarbans, a major biodiversity hotspot, is located in South Bengal. Bangladesh hosts 60% of the forest, with the remainder in India.
Southeast Bengal

Southeast Bengal peoples.
Southeast Bengal is considered a bridge to Southeast Asia and the northern parts of Arakan are also historically considered to be a part of it.[90]
Places of interest
There are four
Cox's Bazar in southeastern Bangladesh is home to the longest natural sea beach in the world with an unbroken length of 120 km (75 mi). It is also a growing surfing destination.[91] St. Martin's Island, off the coast of Chittagong Division, is home to the sole coral reef in Bengal.
Other regions

Bengal was a regional power of the Indian subcontinent. The administrative jurisdiction of Bengal historically extended beyond the territory of Bengal proper. In the 9th century, the Pala Empire of Bengal ruled large parts of northern India. The Bengal Sultanate controlled Bengal, Assam, Arakan, Bihar and Orissa at different periods in history. In Mughal Bengal, the Nawab of Bengal had a jurisdiction covering Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the British Empire, when the Bengal Presidency extended from the Straits of Malacca in the east to the Khyber Pass in the west. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, administrative reorganization drastically reduced the territory of Bengal.
Several regions bordering Bengal proper continue to have high levels of Bengali influence. The Indian state of Tripura has a Bengali majority population. Bengali influence is also prevalent in the Indian regions of Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; as well as in Myanmar's Rakhine State.
Arakan

According to Pamela Gutman, "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".[94] Arakan emerged as a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate.[95] It later became an independent kingdom. The royal court and culture of the Kingdom of Mrauk U was heavily influenced by Bengal. Bengali Muslims served in the royal court as ministers and military commanders.[95] Bengali Hindus and Bengali Buddhists served as priests. Some of the most important poets of medieval Bengali literature lived in Arakan, including Alaol and Daulat Qazi.[96] In 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a pretender of the Peacock Throne of India, was forced to seek asylum in Arakan.[97][98] Bengali influence in the Arakanese royal court persisted until Burmese annexation in the 18th-century.
The modern-day Rohingya population is a legacy of Bengal's influence on Arakan.[99][96] The Rohingya genocide resulted in the displacement of over a million people between 2016 and 2017, with many being uprooted from their homes in Rakhine State.
Assam
The Indian state of Assam shares many cultural similarities with Bengal. The Assamese language uses the same script as the Bengali language. The Barak Valley has a Bengali-speaking majority population. During the Partition of India, Assam was also partitioned along with Bengal. The Sylhet Division joined East Bengal in Pakistan, with the exception of Karimganj which joined Indian Assam. Previously, East Bengal and Assam were part of a single province called Eastern Bengal and Assam between 1905 and 1912 under the British Raj.[100]
Assam and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms, including
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Bengali is the most spoken language among the population of the
Bihar

In antiquity, Bihar and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms. The ancient region of
Chittagong Hill Tracts
The
Malay Archipelago

Through trade, settlements and the exchange of ideas; parts of
Between 1830 and 1867, the ports of Singapore and Malacca, the island of Penang, and a portion of the Malay Peninsula were ruled under the jurisdiction of the Bengal Presidency of the British Empire.[112] These areas were known as the Straits Settlements, which was separated from the Bengal Presidency and converted into a Crown colony in 1867.[113]: 980
Meghalaya
The Indian state of Meghalaya historically came under the influence of Shah Jalal, a Muslim missionary and conqueror from Sylhet. During British rule, the city of Shillong was the summer capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam (modern Bangladesh and Northeast India). Shillong boasted the highest per capita income in British India.[9][10] The city continues to have a sizeable Bengali population; while visitors from Bangladesh frequent the state often.
North India
The ancient Mauryan, Gupta and Pala empires of the Magadha region (Bihar and Bengal) extended into northern India. The westernmost border of the Bengal Sultanate extended towards Varanasi and Jaunpur.[114][42] In the 19th century, Punjab and the Ceded and Conquered Provinces formed the western extent of the Bengal Presidency. According to the British historian Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, "The Bengal Presidency, an administrative jurisdiction introduced by the East India Company, would later include not only the whole of northern India up to the Khyber Pass on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan, but would spread eastwards to Burma and Singapore as well".[115]
Odisha
Tibet
During the
Tripura
The
Flora and fauna

The flat Bengal Plain, which covers most of Bangladesh and West Bengal, is one of the most
The
Politics
Today, the region of Bengal proper is divided between the
Bangladeshi Republic

The state of Bangladesh is a
Between 1975 and 1990, Bangladesh had a presidential system of government. Since the 1990s, it was administered by non-political technocratic caretaker governments on four occasions, the last being under military-backed emergency rule in 2007 and 2008. The Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) are the two largest political parties in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is a member of the
Indian Bengal

West Bengal is a constituent state of the
Each state has popularly elected members in the Indian lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha. Each state nominates members to the Indian upper house of parliament, the Rajya Sabha.
The state legislative assemblies also play a key role in electing the ceremonial president of India. The former president of India, Pranab Mukherjee, was a native of West Bengal and a leader of the Indian National Congress.
The two major political forces in the Bengali-speaking zone of India are the Left Front and the Trinamool Congress, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress being minor players.
Crossborder relations

India and Bangladesh are the world's first and eighth most populous countries respectively.
The Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi operates a Deputy High Commission in Kolkata and a consular office in Agartala. India has a High Commission in Dhaka with consulates in Chittagong and Rajshahi. Frequent international air, bus and rail services connect major cities in Bangladesh and Indian Bengal, particularly the three largest cities- Dhaka, Kolkata and Chittagong. Undocumented immigration of Bangladeshi workers is a controversial issue championed by right-wing nationalist parties in India but finds little sympathy in West Bengal.[130] India has since fenced the border which has been criticised by Bangladesh.[131]
Economy






The Ganges Delta provided advantages of fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.[132] Living standards for Bengal's elite were relatively better than other parts of the Indian subcontinent.[132] Between 400 and 1200, Bengal had a well-developed economy in terms of land ownership, agriculture, livestock, shipping, trade, commerce, taxation, and banking.[133] The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to the Delhi Sultanate, which ceased after the creation of the Bengal Sultanate and stopped the outflow of wealth. Ma Huan's travelogue recorded a booming shipbuilding industry and significant international trade in Bengal.
In 1338,
The taka continued to be issued in
Historically, Bengal has been the industrial leader of the subcontinent. Mughal Bengal saw the emergence of a proto-industrial economy backed up by textiles and gunpowder. The organized early modern economy flourished till the beginning of British rule in the mid 18th-century, when the region underwent radical and revolutionary changes in government, trade, and regulation. The British displaced the indigenous ruling class and transferred much of the region's wealth back to the colonial metropole in Britain. In the 19th century, the British began investing in railways and limited industrialization. However, the Bengali economy was dominated by trade in raw materials during much of the colonial period, particularly the jute trade.[138]
The partition of India changed the economic geography of the region. Calcutta in West Bengal inherited a thriving industrial base from the colonial period, particularly in terms of jute processing. East Pakistan soon developed its industrial base, including the world's largest jute mill. In 1972, the newly independent government of Bangladesh nationalized 580 industrial plants. These industries were later privatized in the late 1970s as Bangladesh moved towards a market-oriented economy. Liberal reforms in 1991 paved the way for a major expansion of Bangladesh's private sector industry, including in telecoms, natural gas, textiles, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, steel and shipbuilding. In 2022, Bangladesh was the second largest economy in South Asia after India.[139][140]
The region is one of the largest rice producing areas in the world, with West Bengal being India's largest rice producer and Bangladesh being the world's fourth largest rice producer.
Stock markets
Ports and harbours
- Port of Chittagong
- Port of Kolkata
- Port of Mongla
- Haldia Port
- Port of Payra
- Port of Pangaon
- Port of Narayanganj
- Port of Ashuganj
- Port of Barisal
- Matarbari Port
- Land port of Benapole-Petrapole
Chambers of commerce
- Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry
- Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry(FBCCI)
- Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry
- Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DCCI)
- Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI)
Intra-Bengal trade
Bangladesh and India are the largest trading partners in South Asia, with two-way trade valued at an estimated US$16 billion.
Demographics
The Bengal region is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. With a population of 300 million, Bengalis are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the Han Chinese and Arabs.[note 1] According to provisional results of 2011 Bangladesh census, the population of Bangladesh was 149,772,364;[144] however, CIA's The World Factbook gives 163,654,860 as its population in a July 2013 estimate. According to the provisional results of the 2011 Indian national census, West Bengal has a population of 91,347,736.[145] "So, the Bengal region, as of 2011[update], has at least 241.1 million people. This figures give a population density of 1003.9/km2; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.[146][147]
English is often used for official work alongside Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal. Other major Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Assamese, and Nepali are also familiar to Bengalis in India.[149]
Religious group |
Population % 1881 |
Population % 1891 |
Population % 1901 |
Population % 1911 |
Population % 1921 |
Population % 1931 |
Population % 1941 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islam | 50.16% | 50.7% | 51.58% | 52.74% | 53.99% | 54.87% | 54.73% | |
Hinduism | 48.45% | 47.27% | 46.60% | 44.80% | 43.27% | 43.04% | 41.55% | |
Christianity | 0.2% | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Buddhism | 0.69% | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Other religions | 0.5% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Religion | Population |
---|---|
Muslims (![]() |
160,049,043 |
Hindus (![]() |
77,116,197 |
Christians (![]() |
1,257,708 |
Buddhists (![]() |
1,181,533 |
Others | 1,515,619 |
Total | 241,120,100 |
In addition, several minority ethnolinguistic groups are native to the region. These include speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages (e.g.,
Life expectancy is around 72.49 years for Bangladesh[153] and 70.2 for West Bengal.[154][155] In terms of literacy, West Bengal leads with 77% literacy rate,[146] in Bangladesh the rate is approximately 72.9%.[156][note 2] The level of poverty in West Bengal is at 19.98%, while in Bangladesh it stands at 12.9%[157][158][159]
West Bengal has one of the lowest total fertility rates in India. West Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.[160]
Major cities
- Major Cities in the Region
Culture
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Bengal |
---|
![]() |
History |
Cuisine |
Language

The
Bengali binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to regional identity. The 1952
Currency
In both Bangladesh and West Bengal, currency is commonly denominated as taka. The
Literature
Bengali literature বাংলা সাহিত্য | |
---|---|
Alphabetic List | |
Bengali writers | |
Writers – Novelists – Poets | |
Forms | |
Novel – Poetry – Science Fiction | |
Institutions and awards | |
Literary Institutions Literary Prizes | |
Related Portals Literature Portal Bangladesh Portal | |

Bengali literature has a rich heritage. It has a history stretching back to the 3rd century BCE, when the main language was
Prominent contemporary Bengali writers in English include Amitav Ghosh, Tahmima Anam, Jhumpa Lahiri and Zia Haider Rahman among others.
Personification
The
Art
The Pala-Sena School of Art developed in Bengal between the 8th and 12th centuries and is considered a high point of classical Asian art.[165][166] It included sculptures and paintings.[167]
Islamic Bengal was noted for its production of the finest cotton fabrics and saris, notably the Jamdani, which received warrants from the Mughal court.[168] The Bengal School of painting flourished in Kolkata and Shantiniketan in the British Raj during the early 20th century. Its practitioners were among the harbingers of modern painting in India.[169] Zainul Abedin was the pioneer of modern Bangladeshi art. The country has a thriving and internationally acclaimed contemporary art scene.[170]
Architecture
Classical Bengali architecture features terracotta buildings. Ancient Bengali kingdoms laid the foundations of the region's architectural heritage through the construction of monasteries and temples (for example, the Somapura Mahavihara). During the sultanate period, a distinct and glorious Islamic style of architecture developed the region.[171] Most Islamic buildings were small and highly artistic terracotta mosques with multiple domes and no minarets. Bengal was also home to the largest mosque in South Asia at Adina. Bengali vernacular architecture is credited for inspiring the popularity of the bungalow.[172]
The Bengal region also has a rich heritage of Indo-Saracenic architecture, including numerous zamindar palaces and mansions. The most prominent example of this style is the Victoria Memorial, Kolkata.
In the 1950s,
Sciences

The
Music

The
Cuisine
Boats

There are 150 types of Bengali country boats plying the
Attire


Bengali women commonly wear the
Festivals
For
Media
Bangladesh has a diverse, outspoken and privately owned press, with the largest circulated Bengali language newspapers in the world. English-language titles are popular in the urban readership.[190] West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,[191] of which 430 were in Bengali.[191] Bengali cinema is divided between the media hubs of Dhaka and Kolkata.
Sports
See also
- Bengali Renaissance
- Bengalis
- Greater Bangladesh
- Bangladeshi diaspora
- List of Bengalis
- Bangladesh
Notes
- British Bangladeshi.
- ^ CRI do not give a breakdown by gender or state the age bracket for the data
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External links

- Bangladesh at Curlie
- West Bengal at Curlie