Fort William and Mary
Fort Constitution | |
Location | New Castle, New Hampshire |
---|---|
Coordinates | 43°04′17″N 70°42′34″W / 43.0715°N 70.7095°W |
Built | Early 17th century |
NRHP reference No. | 73000169[1] |
Added to NRHP | July 09, 1973 |
Fort William and Mary was a colonial fortification in
Colonial period
First fortified by the British prior to 1632, the fort guarded access to the harbor at Portsmouth and served as the colony's main munitions depot. The fort also served to protect Kittery, Maine, on the opposite shore, which was raided numerous times by the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy during the French and Indian Wars. Shadrach Walton commanded the fort during different periods at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century.
American Revolution
In 1774, it was the only permanently occupied military post in New Hampshire.
1774 Raid
On December 14, 1774, local
Fort Constitution
Following the Revolution, the fort was called Castle Fort or Fort Castle.[2] The state gave Fort Point, on which the fort stood, to the federal government in 1791. In 1800, the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard was established upriver on Fernald's Island (now part of Seavey's Island), and the fort was rebuilt under the Second System of US fortifications. Walls were doubled in height and new brick buildings were added. Work was completed in 1808 and the defense renamed "Fort Constitution".[4] On July 4, 1809, an accidental explosion marred Independence Day celebrations at the fort, killing a number of soldiers and civilians. The Secretary of War's report on fortifications for December 1811 describes Fort Constitution as "an enclosed irregular work of masonry, mounting 36 heavy guns... (with) brick barracks for two companies..."[5] During the War of 1812 the fort was occupied and expanded with Walbach Tower, a Martello tower with a single 32-pounder cannon, being built in 1814.[6]
During the Civil War, Fort Constitution was projected to be rebuilt as a three-tiered granite fort under the Third System of US fortifications. However, advances in weaponry, particularly armored, steam-powered warships with heavy rifled guns, rendered the masonry design obsolete before it was finished. The fort's construction was abandoned in 1867 with the Second System fort largely intact and two walls from the Third System built around parts of it.[4] At some point in the Civil War era, four 100-pounder (6.4 inch, 163 mm) Parrott rifles were mounted at the fort, and remained there at least through late 1903.[3]
In 1897 construction began on Battery Farnsworth, located under the hill on which the ruins of Walbach Tower stand, as part of the large-scale
After the
In World War II Battery Hackleman's 3-inch guns were sent to a new battery of the same name at
Given back to the state in 1961, Fort Constitution State Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is today open to the public.
The lighthouse
Since 1771 the fort has been home to a lighthouse. The current installation, the Portsmouth Harbor Light, was completed in 1878. Its Fourth Order Fresnel lens remains a valuable aid to navigation. The tower and the grounds immediately around it are open for scheduled tours.
See also
- Seacoast defense in the United States
- United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
- 8th Coast Artillery (United States)
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
- New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 4: William & Mary Raids
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ a b Roberts, pp. 498-499
- ^ a b c d e f Fort Constitution at FortWiki.com
- ^ a b Weaver, pp. 101–103
- ^ Wade, p. 241
- ^ Fort Constitution from American Forts Network
Bibliography
- Roberts, Robert B. (1988). Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-926880-X.
- Wade, Arthur P. (2011). Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815. CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2.
- Weaver II, John R. (2018). A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. ISBN 978-1-7323916-1-1.
Further reading
- DeMitchell, Terri A. (2013). The Portsmouth Alarm: December 1774. ISBN 978-1932278927. (A fictionalized account of the raid on Fort William and Mary written for young adult audiences.)
- Elwin L. Page. "The King's Powder, 1774," New England Quarterly Vol. 18, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 83–92 in JSTOR
- Thomas F. Kehr, "The Seizure of his Majesty's Fort William and Mary at New Castle, New Hampshire, December 14–15, 1774," Essays and Articles, New Hampshire Society of the Sons of the American Revolution at [1]
External links
- Fort Constitution Historic Site New Hampshire Department of Natural and Cultural Resources
- Fort Constitution from American Forts Network
- Detailed account of raids
- List of documented participants in raids
- Additional information at the University of New Hampshire
- Portsmouth Harbor Lighthouse History
- List of all US coastal forts and batteries at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
- FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts