Framlingham Castle
Framlingham Castle | |
---|---|
Second World War |
Framlingham Castle is a castle in the market town of
During the 15th and 16th centuries Framlingham was at the heart of the estates of the powerful
In 1636, Framlingham Castle was given to
History
11th–12th centuries
The population of
Although the first documentary reference to a castle at Framlingham occurs in 1148, the actual date of its construction is uncertain and three possible options have been suggested by academics. The first possibility is that the castle was built by Roger Bigod in either the late 11th century or around 1100, similar to the founding of Bigod's
By the late 12th century the Bigod family had come to dominate Suffolk, holding the title of the
Hugh then joined the revolt by Henry's sons in 1173. The attempt to overthrow Henry was unsuccessful, and in punishment the king ordered several Bigod castles, including Framlingham, to be destroyed (slighted).[13] The king's engineer, Alnoth, destroyed the fortifications and filled in the moat at Framlingham between 1174 and 1176 at a total cost of £16 11s 12d, although he probably shored up, rather than destroyed, the internal stone buildings.[14][nb 3] It was one of at least twenty castles belonging to the rebels to be slighted in the aftermath of the war.[16]
Hugh's son, Roger Bigod, was out of favour with Henry, who initially denied him the family earldom and estates such as Framlingham.[17] Roger finally regained royal favour when Richard I succeeded to the throne in 1189.[17] Roger then set about building a new castle on the Framlingham site – the work was conducted relatively quickly and the castle was certainly complete by 1213.[18] The new castle comprised the Inner Court, defended with 13 mural towers; an adjacent Lower Court with smaller stone walls and towers, and a larger Bailey with timber defences.[19] By this time, a castle-guard system was in place at Framlingham, in which lands were granted to local lords in return for their providing knights or soldiers to guard the castle.[20]
13th century
The
A large
In 1270 Roger Bigod, the 5th Earl, inherited the castle and undertook extensive renovations there whilst living in considerable luxury and style.[30] Although still extremely wealthy, the Bigods were now having to borrow increasing sums from first the Jewish community at Bungay and then, after the expulsion of the Jews, Italian merchants; by the end of the century, Roger was heavily in debt to Edward I as well.[31] As a result, Roger led the baronial opposition to Edward's request for additional taxes and support for his French wars.[31] Edward responded by seizing Roger's lands and only releasing them on the condition that Roger granted them to the Crown after his death.[31] Roger agreed and Framlingham Castle passed to the Crown on his death in 1306.[31]
By the end of the 13th century a large prison had been built in the castle; this was probably constructed in the north-west corner of the Lower Court, overlooked by the Prison Tower.
14th century
With as many as 83 people living in the castle at any one time, the castle played a major role in the surrounding economy during the period.
Two large lakes, called meres, were formed alongside the castle by damming a local stream.[27] The southern mere, still visible today, had its origins in a smaller, natural lake; once dammed, it covered 9.4 hectares (23 acres) and had an island with a dovecote built on it.[42][nb 8] The meres were used for fishing as well as for boating, and would have had extensive aesthetic appeal.[44] It is uncertain exactly when the meres were first built.[45] One theory suggests that the meres were built in the early 13th century, although there is no documentary record of them at least until the 1380s.[46] Another theory is that they were formed in the first half of the 14th century, at around the same time as the Lower Court was constructed.[45] A third possibility is that it was the Howard family who introduced the meres in the late 15th century as part of their modernisation of the castle.[47]
15th–16th centuries
In 1476 the castle passed to John Howard, the Duke of Norfolk, who probably began the sequence of improvements to the castle during the Tudor period.[48] Under the Howards the castle was extensively modernised; fashionable brick was used to improve parts of the castle; ornamental chimneys were added; the battlements were reduced in size to exaggerate the apparent height of the walls, and the Howard coat of arms was added to the gatehouse.[47] The Great Chamber was probably built across the Inner Court at this time, linking the Great Hall with the chapel and chambers on the east side of the castle, and by 1524 there were at least 29 different rooms in the castle.[49] Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk commissioned a hanging or tapestry depicting Hercules for the Great Chamber.[50]
The drawbridge outside the gatehouse was replaced with the current permanent bridge between 1524 and 1547; by this time a half-moon defensive structure had been built in stone to defend it.[51] A pleasure garden had been built in the Lower Court by the 16th century, with several ornamental ponds and terraced walkways – the garden would probably have also had fruit trees, herb gardens and fountains.[52] Another pleasure garden was built in the Bailey, and a second bridge built across the moat to allow access to it directly from the Inner Court.[37] The Prison Tower was redesigned to become a viewing gallery for the new formal gardens below.[32]
The
The 3rd Duke of Norfolk, also called
Repairs to the castle appear to have been minimal from the 1540s onwards, and after Mary left Framlingham the castle went into a fast decline.
17th–21st centuries
In 1613
After the collapse of the power of the Howards, the county of Suffolk was controlled by an oligarchy of Protestant gentry by the 17th century and did not play a prominent part in the English Civil War that occurred between 1642 and 1646.[66] Framlingham Castle escaped the slighting that occurred to many other English castles around this time.[67] Hitcham's bequest had meanwhile become entangled in the law courts and work did not begin on the workhouse until the late 1650s, by which time the internal buildings of castle were being broken up for the value of their stone; the chapel had been destroyed in this way by 1657.[68]
The workhouse at Framlingham, the Red House, was finally built in the Inner Court and the poor would work there so they were eligible for relief;
The castle continued to fulfil several other local functions. During the outbreak of
In 1913 the
Today, Framlingham Castle is a
Architecture
Design
Framlingham Castle is located on a bluff overlooking the
The Bailey lies to the south of the walled Inner Court and was originally topped by a wooden palisade and earthworks, of which only the latter survive.[81] The Bailey would have entered from an eastern gate and contained a range of buildings, probably including a Sergeant's Chamber, a Knights' Chamber, the Great Stable, barns and a granary.[82] Modern visitors to the castle enter the complex through the Bailey from the south, which also contains the modern car park for the castle.[83]
The Inner Court, or the Castle, lies beyond the Bailey across the 15th-century bridge that replaced the earlier drawbridge on the site.
Originally various buildings were built around the curtain wall. Moving clockwise from the entrance to the Inner Court, the shape of the 12th-century castle
On the far side of the Inner Court is the poorhouse, built on the site of the 12th-century Great Hall.[92] The poorhouse forms three wings: the 17th century Red House to the south, the 18th-century middle wing, and the northern end which incorporates part of the original Great Hall; all of the building was subject to 19th-century renovation work.[93] Five carved, medieval stone heads are set into the poorhouse, taken from the older medieval castle buildings.[94] Next to the poorhouse is the Postern Gate, which leads to the Prison Tower.[95] The Prison Tower, also called the Western Tower, is a significant defensive work, redesigned in the 16th century to feature much larger windows.[32] In the middle of the Inner Court is the castle well, 30 m (98 ft) deep.[96]
A number of carved brick chimneys dating from the Tudor period can be seen around the Inner Court, each with a unique design; all but three of these were purely ornamental, however, and historian R. Allen Brown describes them as a "regrettable" addition to the castle from an architectural perspective.[97] Two of the functional Tudor chimneys make use of original mid-12th century flues; these two chimneys are circular in design and are the earliest such surviving structures in England.[98]
One of the castle meres can still be seen to the west of the castle, although in the 16th century there were two lakes, much larger than today, complete with a wharf.[99] This dramatic use of water to reflect the image of the castle is similar to that used at several other castles of the period, including Bredwardine in Herefordshire and Ravensworth Castle in North Yorkshire.[99] Water castles such as Framlingham made greater use of water than was necessary for defence and enhanced the appearance of the castle.[100] The view from the Great Hall in the Inner Court would originally have included the gardens of the Lower Court, and these would have then been framed by the mere and the Great Park beyond.[101] The area around the castle today remains a designed and managed landscape; although the Great Park is now covered by fields, the view still gives a sense of how the castle and landscape was meant to appear to its late medieval owners.[102]
Interpretation
The late 12th-century defences at Framlingham Castle have evoked much debate by scholars. One interpretation, put forward for example by historian R. Allen Brown, is that they were relatively advanced for their time and represented a change in contemporary thinking about military defence.[103] Framlingham has no keep, for example – this had been a very popular feature in previous Anglo-Norman castles, but this castle breaks with the tradition, relying on the curtain wall and mural towers instead.[104] The pattern of ground-level arrowslits at Framlingham were similarly innovative for their time, enabling interlocking and flanking fire against attackers.[105] The design of Framlingham's defences is similar in many ways to Henry II's innovative work at Dover and Orford.[106]
The defensive architecture of the castle also contains various weaknesses. The Inner Court is overlooked by the Bailey, for example; the north of the Inner Court is largely exposed, while the positioning of arrow-slits in the curtain wall ignores much of the castle.[107] The open-backed mural towers, whilst cheaper to build than closed towers, could not have been easily defended once the wall had been penetrated, and because they projected only a little way from the wall, they provided very little options for enfilading fire against attackers close to the walls.[108] These weaknesses have been used by historians such as Robert Liddiard to argue that the architecture of castles such as Framlingham were influenced by cultural and political requirements as well as purely military intent.[109]
Focusing on the cultural and political use of the architecture at Framlingham, historian D. Plowman has put forward a revisionist interpretation of the castle's architecture in the late medieval period. Plowman suggests that the castle was intended to be entered from the north end of the Lower Court, passing through the ornamental gardens, with travellers then entering through the gate by the Prison Tower – in this interpretation, more of a barbican than a tower – and then up into the Inner Court.[110] This would have provided high status visitors with dramatic views of the castle, reinforcing the political prestige of the owners.[110] Historian Magnus Alexander disputes the practicality of this arrangement, although agrees that the route would have been more practical for hunting parties proceeding to the local parklands.[107]
In popular culture
Pop singer Ed Sheeran, who grew up in Framlingham, references the castle in his 2017 single, "Castle on the Hill".
See also
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- List of castles in England
- Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham
- Castle on the Hill, a song by Ed Sheeran that refers to the castle
- The place where the CBBC programme, Horrible Histories
Notes
- ^ Nicola Stacey and John Rigard prefer the late 11th century date for the founding of the castle; Magnus Alexander prefers the 1140s; J. Coad has proposed the two-castle option. The 11th century date carries the disadvantage of having no documentary evidence, and being slightly unusual for East Anglia, where the regional lords built relatively fewer castles during this period. The 1140s option closes the time gap with the first documentary reference in 1148 and fits well with Hugh Bigod becoming an Earl in 1140, but raises the question of what the Bigods had done with the site during the first forty years of their ownership. The two-castle model also lacks firm supporting evidence.[7]
- ^ It is impossible to accurately compare 12th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, £666 is approximately the annual income of the wealthiest baron in England around 1200.[12]
- ^ It is impossible to accurately compare 12th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, £16 represents the approximate cost of maintaining an average sized castle for a year during the period.[15]
- ^ The date on which Roger Bigod recovered Framlingham is unclear from the historical sources.
- ^ Bank and ditch boundaries are designed to permit game animals to enter the park by jumping over the bank, but prevent them from leaving by means of an interior ditch.
- ^ It is impossible to accurately compare 14th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, £1,000 represents the typical average annual income for an early 15th-century baron.[38]
- ^ It is impossible to accurately compare 13th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, £434 represents around two-thirds the average income for a major baron of the period.[12]
- ^ By placing the dovecote on an island, the surrounding mere would have protected the doves from vermin.[43]
- ^ It is difficult to accurately compare 17th century and modern prices or incomes. £14,000 could equate to between £1,790,000 to £22,700,000, depending on the measure used. For comparison, Henry Somerset, one of the richest men in England at the time, had an annual income of around £20,000.[64]
References
- ^ Alexander, pp.12–13; Dyer, p.63.
- ^ Alexander, p.17, citing Coad, pp155-8.
- ^ Stacey, p.23; Ridgard, p.2; Alexander, p.17.
- ^ Alexander, pp.17–8.
- ^ Alexander, p.18; Coad, p.160.
- ^ Alexander, p.18.
- ^ Stacey, p.23; Ridgard, p.2; Coad, p.160; Alexander, p.17.
- ^ Pounds, p.55; Brown (1962), p.191.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.21.
- ^ Pounds, p.55.
- ^ Brown (1962), p.191; Carpenter, p.224; Stacey, p.24.
- ^ a b Pounds, p.147.
- ^ Alexander, p.17.
- ^ Alexander, p.17; Ridgard, p.3.
- ^ Pounds, p.123.
- ^ Brown (1959), p.252.
- ^ a b Brown (2002), cited Alexander, p.20.
- ^ Alexander, p.20.
- ^ Stacey, p.17; Raby and Reynolds, p.6.
- ^ King, pp.16–7.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.94; Stacey, p.25.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.94.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), pp.83, 94.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.94; Stacey, p.26.
- ^ Taylor, p.40; Alexander, p.26.
- ^ Hoppitt, pp.152, 161; Taylor, p.40.
- ^ a b Taylor, p.40.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.104.
- ^ Alexander, p.31.
- ^ Stacey, pp.26–7.
- ^ a b c d e f Ridgard, p.4.
- ^ a b c d Stacey, p.11.
- ^ Alexander, pp.20–1; Ridgard, p.4.
- ^ a b Ridgard, p.5.
- ^ Ridgard, p.5; Stacey, p.28.
- ^ Smedley, p.53, cited Alexander, p.21.
- ^ a b Alexander, p.21.
- ^ Pounds, p.148.
- ^ a b c Alexander, p.22.
- ^ Ridgard, p.19.
- ^ Ridgard, pp.13, 21.
- ^ Taylor, p.40; Liddiard (2005), p.114; Stacey, p.16.
- ^ Alexander, p.30.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.106.
- ^ a b Alexander, p.29.
- ^ Alexander, pp.29–30.
- ^ a b Johnson, p.45.
- ^ a b c d e Ridgard, p.6.
- ^ Alexander, p.21; Stacey, p.21; Ridgard, p.130.
- ^ Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Testamenta Vetusta, vol. 2 (London, 1826), p. 603.
- ^ Alexander, p.21; Raby and Reynolds, p.18.
- ^ Taylor, p.40l; Stacey, p.17.
- ^ Stacey, pp.7–8, 19.
- ^ Stacey, p.21.
- ^ Ridgard, pp.6–7; Stacey, p.33.
- ^ a b Ridgard, p.7.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.13; Stacey, p.34.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, pp.13–4.
- ^ Ridgard, pp.6–7.
- ^ Hoppitt, pp.161–2; Alexander, p.44.
- ^ Alexander, p.44; Ridgard, p.7; Stacey, p.36.
- ^ Alexander, p.45; Raby and Reynolds, p.14.
- ^ Hoppitt, pp.161–2; Alexander, p.44; Stacey, pp.36–7.
- ^ Financial comparison based on the RPI index, using Measuring Worth Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present, MeasuringWorth, accessed 24 June 2011; Pugin, p.23.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.14; Stacey, p.37.
- ^ Hughes, p.144.
- ^ Jenkins, p.713.
- ^ Alexander, pp.45; Stacey, p.38.
- ^ Cole & Morrison 2016, p.2–4.
- ^ a b c Stacey, p.38.
- ^ Alexander, p.44.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.14.
- ^ Stacey, pp.38–9.
- ^ Alexander, p.49; Stacey, p.40.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.14; Alexander, p.50.
- ^ Alexander, p.50.
- ^ Alexander, p.50; Stacey, p.40.
- ^ Stacey, p.17.
- ^ Stacey, p.40.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.16.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.30.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.31.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.15.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, pp.17–18.
- ^ Pounds, p.149.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.18 Stacey, p.6.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.19; Stacey, p.5.
- ^ Stacey, p.10.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.22.
- ^ Pounds, p.240.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.21; Stacey, p.14.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.24.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, pp.25–6; Stacey, pp.7, 10.
- ^ Stacey, pp.7–8.
- ^ Raby and Reynolds, p.27.
- ^ Stacey, p.7.
- ^ Ridgard, p.3; Stacey, pp.5, 15.
- ^ Stacey, p.14.
- ^ a b Creighton, p.79.
- ^ Plowman, p.44.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.115.
- ^ Taylor, p.40; Liddiard (2005), p.114.
- ^ Brown (1962), p.61.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.47.
- ^ King, p.84; Liddiard (2005), p.93.
- ^ Brown (1962), p.66; Stacey, p.5.
- ^ a b Alexander, p.24.
- ^ Toy, p.171; King, p.92.
- ^ Liddiard (2005), p.6.
- ^ a b Plowman, pp.44–6, cited Alexander, p.24.
Bibliography
- Alexander, Magnus. (2007) Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment. London: English Heritage Research Department. ISSN 1749-8775.
- Brown, M. (2002) Framlingham Castle, Framlingham, Suffolk: Archaeological Investigation Series 24/2002. London: English Heritage.
- Brown, R. Allen. (1959) "A List of Castles, 1154–1216", The English Historical Review 74 (291), pp. 249–280
- Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. London: Batsford. OCLC 1392314.
- Carpenter, David. (2004) Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284.[ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.
- Coad, J. G. (1972) "Recent Excavations Within Framlingham Castle", Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History, 32, pp. 152–163.
- Cole, Emily and Morrison, Kathryn. (June 2016) The Red House (formerly Framlingham Workhouse), Framlingham Castle, Suffolk. Research Report Series No. 23/2016. London: English Heritage.
- Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8.
- Dyer, Christopher. (2009) Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 – 1520. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10191-1.
- Johnson, Matthew. (2002) Behind the Castle Gate: from Medieval to Renaissance. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25887-6.
- Hoppitt, Rosemary. (2007) "Hunting Suffolk's Parks: Towards a Reliable Chronology of Imparkment", in Liddiard (ed) (2007).
- Hughes, Ann. (1998) The Causes of the English Civil War. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-312-21708-2.
- Jenkins, Simon. (2003) England's Thousand Best Houses. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9596-1.
- Liddiard, Robert. (2005) Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2.
- Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2007) The Medieval Park: New Perspectives. Bollington, UK: Windgather Press. ISBN 978-1-905119-16-5.
- Plowman, D. (2005) "Framlingham Castle, a Political Statement?" Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 41, pp43–49.
- Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3.
- Pugin, Augustus. (1895) Examples of Gothic Architecture Selected From Various Ancient Edifices in England. Edinburgh: J. Grant. OCLC 31592053.
- Raby, F. J. E. and ISBN 978-0-11670-097-1.
- Ridgard, John. (1985) Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270–1524. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9.
- Smedley, W. (2005) "A Newly Discovered Fragment of a Daily Account Book for Framlingham Castle, Suffolk", Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History, 41, pp. 51–5.
- Stacey, Nicola. (2009) Framlingham Castle. London: English Heritage. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4.
- Taylor, C. (1998) Parks and Gardens of Britain: A Landscape History from the Air. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-85331-207-6.
- Toy, Sidney. (1985) Castles: Their Construction and History. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-24898-1.
External links
- English Heritage – visitor information
- Section of the Pipe Roll for 1175–76 recording the slighting of Framlingham Castle