Frank P. Lahm

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Frank Purdy Lahm
Army Distinguished Service Medal
  • Legion of Merit
    • RelationsSamuel Lahm (grandfather)

    Frank Purdy Lahm (November 17, 1877 – July 7, 1963) was an American aviation pioneer, the "nation's first military aviator",[1] and a general officer in the United States Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces.

    Lahm developed an interest in flying from his father, a balloonist, and received among the first civil qualification certificates issued. He met the

    Wright Brothers in 1907 and used his interest in powered flight to become the Army's first certified pilot in 1909,[2] followed four years later by becoming its 14th rated Military Aviator.[3] In 1916 he became a career aviator, serving in the United States Army Air Service
    and its successors until his retirement in 1941 at the age of 64, rising to the rank of brigadier general.

    Lahm reached

    Randolph Field,"[4] and because of his lifelong devotion to aviation and aeronautical science, "the father of Air Force flight training".[5]

    Childhood and early career

    SOURCE NOTE: All dates of rank and dates of

    Permanent Change of Station where shown are from AFHRA, Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917–1952, Volume 1 – A through L[6]

    Frank Samuel Lahm in bowler with fellow ballonists

    Lahm was born on November 17, 1877, in

    Remington Typewriter Company. He resided in Paris until his death in 1931.[8] The elder Lahm kept his family connected to one another through frequent correspondence, visits, and educating each child for a year in France.[9]

    Lahm's father made annual summer visits to a home he had purchased in 1877 in

    football and baseball, until his father brought him to France in 1893.[10]

    At West Point in 1901

    There he attended Albert-le-Grand, a

    horse riding led him into the cavalry on his graduation in 1901, ranked 23rd in merit in his class of 74 cadets. While at USMA he quarterbacked the football team and was captain of the baseball team. He set several records in gymnastics.[10]

    He was commissioned

    6th Cavalry, and campaigned in the Philippines for two years. He toured China, Korea, and Japan during his return to the United States in 1903, where he was assigned to West Point as an instructor in modern languages for three years.[n 1] He spent his summer leaves in France with his father, who taught him to fly balloons in the summer of 1904. In 1906 he was assigned to attend the École Impériale de Cavalerie (French Cavalry School of Application) at Saumur.[11]

    Lahm's father joined the Aéro-Club de France in 1902 (at the age of 56), purchased a balloon he named the Katherine Hamilton in honor of his daughter, and qualified for his balloon pilot's certificate in November 1904. The elder Lahm made frequent flights and initiated his son during a night ascension in stormy weather.[12] In the summer of 1905, 2nd Lt. Lahm completed the requirements of six ascensions, including one at night and one alone, to earn Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) certificate No. 4 as a balloon pilot. On July 15 of the same summer Lahm was promoted to first lieutenant.[11]

    In 1906, while awaiting entrance to Saumur, Lahm won the first

    lightship off the coast of England three hours later, where fog obscured the surface. The morning sun slowly burned off the fog and caused the balloon to ascend to 3,000 meters altitude. Lahm and Hersey established their position over Berkshire around 07:00 and continued north, gradually descending to avoid drifting out over the North Sea. They landed near Fylingdales in Yorkshire after covering a distance of 641 kilometers and more than 22 hours aloft.[13][14]

    Personality

    Lahm's son Lawrence, himself a career officer, described his father's traits and characteristics in an essay he wrote in 1995:

    He was five feet nine inches tall and was always very slender so that he appeared taller than he was actually…he had been a gymnast and the muscles of his arms and back stood out like ropes.
    He was soft spoke and agreeable, yet, there was always a certain reserve. He was modest, honest, and true. He spoke well of others. As a boy he had gone to church twice on Sundays, once in the morning and once in the evening. He visited the sick and aged.
    He loved games. He was an avid hunter and fisherman.
    He was first a cavalryman before he became a flyer and he enjoyed riding and polo. In San Antonio, he had three polo ponies. I was never allowed to ride them, presumably because I would spoil them. He did, however, teach me to ride other horses, to swim, to golf, and to play baseball.
    He enjoyed music and we sang on long automobile trips when he changed station from one Army post to another, my father and mother in the front seat and my sister, Barbara, and I in the back.
    His posture was firmly erect and he possessed a cold courage that was remarkable. Beneath the calm exterior lay the competitiveness and combativeness fostered by the severe training at West Point.    [15]

    Aviation duties with the Signal Corps

    Aeronautical Division

    The Army detailed Lahm to the fledgling

    Orville Wright. The elder Lahm had personally investigated the claims of the brothers and had been quietly promoting them among his colleagues in France since 1905.[16][17] The meeting was the beginning of a friendship that lasted until the two brothers died.[11] Lahm learned that the Army, through the reluctance and disinterest of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification, had obstructed the attempts of the Wright Brothers to provide the Army with an airplane, and immediately wrote his new superior, Chief Signal Officer (CSO) Brig. Gen. James Allen (who sat on the board), urging that favorable consideration be given their most recent proposal.[18]

    En route to the United States, Lt. Lahm toured aviation sites in Germany and England, where he met

    Fort Myer, Virginia, where he and a detachment of Signal Corps troops constructed a hydrogen generating plant and practiced captive observation balloon work. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone and an early aviation enthusiast, often invited Lahm to join visiting scientists in his Washington home for discussions on many subjects, especially aviation.[11][19][n 3]

    The Signal Corps advertised specifications for a powered airplane on December 23, 1907, and among the three bids found acceptable was one submitted by the Wrights to build a plane within 200 days for $25,000. The Signal Corps budget had insufficient funds to meet the three bids, and in early February 1908, Lahm accompanied Gen. Allen and chief of the Aeronautical Division Capt Charles DeF. Chandler to meet with President Theodore Roosevelt to obtain funds from a contingency account.[20]

    On April 30, Lahm reported to New York City along with 1st Lt.

    Dirigible No. 2,[2] and oversaw the Signal Corps acquisition of an airship from Thomas Scott Baldwin. On September 9, 1908, the Wright Brothers brought their 1908 Wright Flyer to Fort Myer for acceptance trials, and on its second flight Lahm accompanied Orville as a passenger, the first U.S. military officer to fly in a powered airplane, on a flight of six minutes and 24 seconds.[n 6] The aircraft was destroyed, and Lt. Selfridge killed, in a crash on September 17.[23][n 7]

    Frank Lahm (hand on upright by gas tank) with Orville Wright qualifying Signal Corps No. 1, July 27, 1909.

    The Wright brothers brought an improved version of their 1908 plane to Fort Myer in 1909 for further War Department trials. After practice hops Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Lahm as a passenger, made the first official test flight on July 27. He and Lahm established a world's record for a two-man flight: one hour, 12 minutes and 40 seconds, to meet the Army's specification for the aircraft, designated Signal Corps (S.C.) Number 1, being the first airplane purchased by the U.S. Army.

    Frederic E. Humphreys selected by Gen. Allen as candidates. In October 1909 Wilbur Wright trained both at a field in College Park, Maryland recommended by Lahm after balloon observations and inspections on horseback. Lahm made the first flight at the new field on October 8.[25] Both officers soloed, with Humphreys going first. After only 14 flights, Lahm was pronounced a pilot on October 26.[26] He Received FAI Airplane certificate No. 2, and took up his first passenger, the U.S. Navy's observer Lt. George C. Sweet, on November 3.[27][n 8]

    Lahm and Humphreys crashed November 5, but both were uninjured, and the airplane was repaired. However the Signal Corps lost the service of both when they were returned to their regular assignments by their respective branches. In December 1909 Lahm joined the

    7th Cavalry at Fort Riley, Kansas.[11][28]

    In June 1910 Lahm attended Mounted Service School and graduated in June 1911. In October he married

    Fort William McKinley near Manila on March 12, 1912. S.C. No. 7, a Wright Model B aircraft shipped to the Philippines, was assembled and made its first flight on March 21. Lahm trained 1st Lt. Moss L. Love and Corporal Vernon Burge, the first enlisted pilot in the Army, in April and May 1912.[11][29][n 9]

    On May 8, 1912, Lahm crash-landed S.C. No. 7 in mud on the

    rated as a Military Aviator.[3]

    After S.C. No 7 became a total loss in August, Lahm's small detachment received a new aircraft, S.C. No. 13, a Wright C Speed Scout equipped with pontoons for water landings. On September 11, 1913, Lahm attempted a water takeoff for a flight test but the

    life jacket. In November, at his own request, he was relieved of flying duties and returned to troop duties.[30] He was assigned to command of a troop of the 7th Cavalry in September 1914, just after the outbreak of war in Europe.[31]

    Aviation Section

    In October 1914 Lahm was assigned to the 6th Cavalry at Texas City and

    San Diego, California as Secretary (adjutant) of the Signal Corps Aviation School and President of the Junior Military Aviator Examining Board.[1][32] On May 29, 1916, Captain Lahm was briefly detached to the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sam Houston
    , Texas, to practice using captive balloon ascensions for artillery spotting. Shortly after, on June 12, his permanent rank of captain, Cavalry, was approved.

    In January 1917 Lahm was involved in a controversy that estranged him from Henry H. Arnold, future Chief of the Army Air Forces. Arnold was supply officer for the Aviation School, having returned to the Aviation Section from the Infantry the previous May. On January 6, Arnold was present in Lahm's office when the Officer In Charge of Training, Capt. Herbert A. Dargue, came in to protest an authorization for a flight. A student at the school's Field Officers course, Lt. Col. Harry G. Bishop of the Field Artillery, had asked for a plane and pilot to fly to an unspecified location, and Dargue protested that the flight interfered with scheduled training. According to Arnold's statement to investigators, Lahm told Dargue to "carry out his instructions" without further explanation. On January 10 the flight took place, despite a second protest from Dargue to the school commandant, Col. William A. Glassford, and became lost with its crew somewhere in Mexico. When Glassford called in Lahm, he denied authorizing the flight, and Glassford made a public announcement to that effect based on Lahm's denial. The plane, which apparently had been headed to Calexico, had drifted off course and come down in the Sonoran Desert, with Bishop and his pilot finally located and rescued nine days later. Dargue had shown Arnold the original authorization signed by Lahm, however, which Arnold verified to investigators on January 27.[33] On January 30, one day after the birth of his son, Arnold was transferred to Panama, which he attributed to retribution by Lahm and Glassford.[34][35][n 12]

    After the United States entered World War I, Lahm became commanding officer of the Army Balloon School at Fort Omaha on May 24, 1917. At that time he was the Army's only airplane, balloon, and dirigible pilot.[36] On June 27, Lahm received promotion to major in the Aviation Section, Signal Corps. He suffered a severely broken leg early in June when his polo pony "Joe" slipped on a paved street in Omaha and fell on him.[37] As he was about to start sick leave, Lahm was offered a six-week inspection tour of balloon schools, equipment, and operations in both Britain and France.[1] He received confidential orders from Gen. Tasker H. Bliss on July 25, and another promotion to temporary lieutenant colonel, Signal Corps, on August 5. Lahm sailed from New York City on August 23 aboard the RMS Baltic and arrived in England on September 15, 1917, where he began keeping a war diary.[38][n 13]

    Air Service, AEF

    Lahm in October 1918
    Lahm (center front row) and the staff of the Air Service, Second Army, November 1918

    Lahm's assignment in England began with nine days of inspections of factories, depots, and training fields. On September 24 he flew the English Channel as an observer on a

    Caquot balloons, slated for use by the Air Service, in battle at Soissons.[1][42]

    Lahm's orders to return to the United States were rescinded and he was assigned to organize the balloon section of the Air Service headquarters in Paris. After doing so, he found himself ranked out of command on November 23, 1917, by now-Col. Charles DeF. Chandler, who had arrived in France as part of the massive staff of Brig. Gen. Benjamin Foulois. Lahm went instead to Chaumont as the section's liaison to GHQ AEF until February 23, 1918, when he was moved to Colombey-les-Belles in the same capacity to the Air Service, Advance Section, Services of Supply, where he supervised the tactical training of balloon companies before their assignment to the front as artillery spotters.[1]

    On June 3, 1918,

    Thomas D. Milling as his chief of staff) on July 27.[44] Lahm was shifted to the headquarters of the First Army, which was about to be activated, as Air Officer to its G-3 (Operations) Section. On August 14, with the activation of the army, he was promoted to temporary colonel.[1]

    On October 12, the AEF expanded to two field armies, and Lahm was named Chief of Air Service, Second Army at Toul. He chose Lt. Col. John F. Curry to be his chief of staff and began organizing it. He remained in France in command of the Second Army Air Service until it was dissolved on April 15, 1919.[1] His diary entry for that date states:

    Starting with an Air Service of three observation squadrons in Oct., it grew to two pursuit groups with a total of 7 squadrons, seven observation squadrons, a bombing group of two squadrons, three park squadrons, eleven balloon companies, 5 photo sections, a total of 700 officers and 5300 men.[45]

    Lahm remained on unassigned duty in France until July 30, 1919, when he sailed from

    SS Leviathan, arriving at Hoboken, New Jersey, on August 7. The next day he reported to headquarters of the reorganized Air Service and was issued orders to attend the General Staff College.[1]

    Postwar service

    Advancement to general officer

    Lahm reverted to his permanent establishment rank of captain on September 9, 1919, and began studies as a "special student" (because his rank had been reduced below that of field grade) at the General Staff College in Washington D.C., through June 1920. The Air Service was made a statutory part of the Army on June 4, 1920, and Lahm applied for transfer to the new branch. He was promoted to major on July 1 and

    the Presidio of San Francisco, California.[46]

    On July 2, 1926, the

    San Antonio, Texas, on August 16, 1926.[47][n 14] Command of the training center included the coordination and management of training at the Air Corps Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, and the School of Aviation Medicine at Brooks.[46]

    Randolph Field

    Randolph Field, 1942

    Almost immediately Lahm understood that because of the small size of his bases, their deteriorated condition (originally built as temporary in World War I), and the encroachment of San Antonio, his charge to "coordinate the training in the schools with a view of bringing them as close together as possible, and particularly with a view to making the transition easier for the students going from one school to the other" required expansion of the center by construction of a new facility.[48] After Chief of Air Corps Maj. Gen. Mason Patrick recommended the same in December 1926, Lahm appointed a board of five officers on April 18, 1927, to draw up plans for a model airfield. The next day, after reviewing unsolicited plans offered by 1st Lt. Harold L. Clark, an architect-trained former flying instructor now serving as a Kelly Field motor pool officer, it recommended a "revolutionary" four-quadrant circular layout that placed the structures between parallel runways aligned with the prevailing winds. Lahm then tasked the board to find a suitable location in May.[49][n 15]

    Lahm originally dictated that the location be within 10 miles of San Antonio, but difficulties finding a site suited to the planned design, and the large size required, forced a resumption of the search in October 1927 out to an expanded distance of 30 miles.

    Chamber of Commerce and offered to Lahm on the last day of 1927, who sent the proposal to Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis. In February Congress authorized President Calvin Coolidge to accept the gift, but it was August 16, 1928, before the legal processes ran their course and the property acquired.[52]

    While this took place, in April the new Chief of Air Corps, Maj. Gen.

    Quartermaster Corps, which would build the base.[51][n 18]

    Construction of Randolph Field[n 19] began on November 21, 1928. The site was cleared, the basic infrastructure completed, and somewhat less than half the buildings erected when the base was dedicated on June 20, 1930, as the "West Point of the Air",[n 20] but Lahm's four-year tour as an assistant chief of Air Corps ended in July well before construction was completed.[53][n 21] Nevertheless, Lahm's role in the creation of Randolph Field was characterized as "providing the administrative initiative and energy required to crystallize these ideas into definite plans and to press them to a successful conclusion,"[48] and he is noted by the USAF's Air Education and Training Command as "the father of Randolph Field."[4]

    Air Officer and attaché duties

    At the end of his tour he reverted to his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel, assigned again as Air Officer, Ninth Corps Area until July 1931, when his wife died of

    U.S. Embassy, Paris, France, in November to act as assistant military attaché for air to France, Spain, and Belgium. Shortly after his arrival in France, his father died in Paris on December 31.[55] In 1933 Lahm became full military attaché to France. He remained in Paris until 1935, with collateral duty as military attaché to the U.S. Embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[46]

    In October 1935 Lahm returned to the United States as Air Officer, Second Corps Area, at Governors Island, New York, until December 14, 1940, when he became Chief of Aviation to the First Army. He received the Legion of Merit for his contribution to this command during its important formative period. President Franklin D. Roosevelt awarded Lahm an honorary promotion major general in September 1941.[56]

    The extent of expanded pilot requirements immediately preceding World War II necessitated decentralization of Air Corps flight training, which had been the core element of the program after Lahm organized the Air Corps Training Center. The ACTC was broken up geographically, establishing three regional training centers. The ACTC, still headquartered at Randolph, was renamed the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center and became operational in February 1941.[57] Lahm served as its commander from October 21, 1941, to his mandatory retirement on November 20, 1941. He retired, after more than forty years of continuous military service, in the grade of brigadier general.[46] Three weeks later, in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor, he offered to come off the retired list but was not accepted.[58][n 23]

    Retirement and legacy

    Lahm assisted with

    Hollywood, California
    , on April 3, 1948, to Grace Wolfe Kenson, a lifelong friend, the daughter of a Mansfield judge and widow of a dentist.

    On June 15, 1960, Lahm was recognized by the Air Force and the

    Curtis E. LeMay, honored Lahm with a special citation recognizing him as the nation's first military aviator.[58]

    Lahm died July 7, 1963, of a stroke at Good Samaritan Hospital in Sandusky, Ohio.[58] He was cremated and his ashes spread over Randolph Air Force Base.[56]

    In 1943 Lahm completed and published How Our Army Grew Wings, begun in the 1930s in collaboration with Col. Chandler, who died in 1939. His war diary in World War I has been preserved since 1970 by the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) as USAF Historical Study No. 141. The United States Air Force Academy's first hot air balloon was named in his honor in 1973. Both Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport and the Administration Building of Mansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base are named for Lahm. In 2009, he was inducted in the First Flight Society along with Humphreys as the first military aviation trainees.[59][n 24]

    In 1963, Lahm was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.[60]

    Awards and decorations

    SOURCE: Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917–1952, Volume 2 – L through Z[6]

    Airplane Pilot

    Military Aviator[n 25]

    Distinguished Service Medal
    Legion of Merit
    Mexican Service Medal
    World War I Victory Medal

    Legion of Honor
    (France)

    Military Order of Aviz
    (Portugal)

      Airplane Observer

      Combat Observer

      Technical Observer

    Notes

    Footnotes
    1. ^ Lahm was instructor in French to Cadet Henry H. Arnold.
    2. ^ Hersey, a graduate of Norwich University and a Rough Rider during the Spanish–American War, was in France to be an observer on a dirigible flight planned from Norway to the north pole.
    3. ^ Bell chaired a group called the "Aerial Experiment Association" whose members were himself, Glenn Curtiss, Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin, John A.D. "Douglas" McCurdy, and Army Lt. Thomas Selfridge, all of whom except Curtiss were wealthy young men interested in flying.
    4. Punitive Expedition
      in Mexico but did not complete its training before being returned to state control.
    5. ^ The Air Force has not given recognition to the assignment and lists Chandler as division chief until 1910.
    6. ^ Ironically, Lahm's father preceded him in that aerial feat too. Earlier in the summer Frank S. Lahm had gone up with Wilbur on a demonstration flight in France. (Kenney 2007, p. 28)
    7. ^ The second officer to fly was the acting Chief Signal Officer, Major George O. Squier, on September 12. Squier headed the Signal Corps' Aviation Section in 1916–1917. Selfridge was the first fatality in powered flight.
    8. ^ Lahm's flight training time was three hours, seven minutes, and 38 seconds. He received the second-ever FAI airplane certificate, behind Glenn Curtiss, but ahead of both Wrights, who received the 4th and 5th. On May 24, 1911, after the FAI recognized the American Aero Club as the "governing authority for the United States of America", the ACA licensed Lahm with Aviator License No. 2.
    9. ^ Burge was a mechanic who had accompanied S.C. No. 7 to the Philippines, and had been one of Lahm's original detail at Ft. Myer. He was approved after no other officers volunteered for training, and although higher authority later rescinded the authorization, he had already received his FAI certificate.
    10. ^ 2nd Lts Carleton G. Chapman, Herbert A. Dargue, and C. Perry Rich.
    11. ^ All those holding Military Aviator ratings were re-rated when a provision of the 1914 law mandated three years experience as a JMA as a prerequisite for MA rating.
    12. ^ Glassford had ordered that no immediate air search be conducted, infuriating the aviators including Arnold to the point of mutiny, only countermanding the order six days later when it became public in the newspapers. He was retired on April 11 as a result of the incident for failing to mount an effective search in a timely manner.
    13. ^ Lahm's diary noted that his father joined the Signal Corps as a balloon inspector just prior to his departure overseas.
    14. ^ ACTC's first day of administration was September 1, 1926. (War Department General Order 26)
    15. 52nd Troop Carrier Wing during four airborne operations, including the American airborne landings in Normandy and Operation Market Garden
      , before retiring in 1946.
    16. ^ The land had to be acquired with clear title by local entities and then donated to the government, per War Department policy, and also had to be free of all restrictions to use.
    17. ^ Clark's first formal design, submitted to Lahm on November 1, 1927, was revised in December and January and sent to the Chief of Air Corps. The Air Education and Training Command history of Randolph AFB places the date of the detail as December 5.
    18. ^ The actual architect of the base was George B. Ford, an architect and city planner retained by the Army between 1926 and 1930 to approve all site and development plans for Army installations.
    19. ^ Named for Capt. William M. Randolph, the adjutant of the Advanced Flying School and an Austin, Texas-native, killed in an air crash in February 1928.
    20. ^ The phrase is credited to San Antonio Mayor C.M. Chambers
    21. ^ Lahm was succeeded by Brig. Gen. Charles L. Danforth, a mustang who had come up through the ranks from private during the Spanish–American War, but who had not joined the Air Service until 1920.
    22. ^ After a year at Yale, Lawrence Lahm was a member of the West Point Class of 1942.
    23. ^ The role, if any, that Arnold played in denying Lahm service in World War II because of the 1917 Bishop incident and the fact that Lahm served in France while Arnold did not, is only speculative.
    24. ^ The First Flight Society incorrectly identifies Foulois as the "first United States military aviator". Foulois' training as an airship pilot pre-dated Lahm, but he was assigned to heavier-than-air pilot training specifically because Lahm was no longer detailed as a pilot.
    25. ^ Portraits of Lahm from late in his career show that he wore his Military Aviator badge in place of his pilot wings.
    Citations
    1. ^ a b c d e f g h Simpson 1970, p. xiv
    2. ^ a b Hennessy 1958, p. 236, Appendix 14
    3. ^ a b Hennessy 1958, p. 229, Appendix 10
    4. ^ a b "Tour of Historic Randolph" (PDF). Office of History and Research, HQ Air Education and Training Command. 1995. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
    5. ^ a b Walker & Wickam 1986, p. 320
    6. ^ a b Fogerty 1953, entry "Lahm, Frank Purdy"
    7. ^ Kenney 2007, p. 10
    8. ^ Kenney 2007, pp. 11–12
    9. ^ a b Kenney 2007, p. 13
    10. ^ a b Simpson 1970, p. ix
    11. ^ a b c d e f Simpson 1970, p. x
    12. ^ Kenney 2007, p. 14
    13. ^ Kenney 2007, pp. 15–16
    14. ^ Stekel, Peter. "Don Piccard 50 Years of Ballooning Memories" (PDF). www.FAI.org. FAI.org. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
    15. ^ Kenney 2007, pp. 37–38
    16. ^ Howard 1998, pp. 229–230
    17. ^ Kenney 2007, pp. 27–28
    18. ^ Howard 1998, p. 230
    19. ^ Howard 1998, p. 212
    20. ^ Hennessy 1958, p. 27
    21. ^ Craig 1973, p. 197
    22. ^ Hennessy 1958, p. 15
    23. ^ Hennessy 1958, pp. 28–33.
    24. ^ News Digest. // Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 15, 1963, v. 79, no. 3, p. 35.
    25. ^ Hennessy 1958, p. 34
    26. ^ Kenney 2007, p. 33, quoting from Lahm's memoir.
    27. ^ Hennessy 1958, p. 35.
    28. ^ Hennessy 1958, p. 39
    29. ^ Hennessy 1958, pp. 79–80.
    30. ^ a b Hennessy 1958, p. 80
    31. ^ Robinson 1920, p. 948
    32. ^ Hennessy 1958, pp. 157–158
    33. ^ "Starving Airmen Found; Wandered 10 Days in Mexico" (PDF). New York Times. January 20, 1917. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
    34. ^ Coffey 1982, pp. 85–86, 388, notes 20-21
    35. ^ Hennessy 1958, pp. 188–191
    36. ^ Hennessy 1958, pp. 162–163
    37. ^ Lahm 1970, pp. 3, 89
    38. ^ Lahm 1970, pp. 1–2
    39. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 10
    40. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 12
    41. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 16
    42. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 19
    43. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 87
    44. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 103
    45. ^ Lahm 1970, p. 181
    46. ^ a b c d Simpson 1970, p. xv
    47. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, pp. 38–39
    48. ^ a b Cook & Sprinkle 2001, p. 39, quoting a local AAF-produced history of Randolph AFB.
    49. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, pp. 39–40
    50. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, p. 40
    51. ^ a b Cook & Sprinkle 2001, p. 50
    52. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, pp. 40–41
    53. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, p. 41
    54. ^ Kenney 2007, p. 39
    55. ^ Kenney 2007, p. 37
    56. ^ a b Kohan, James J. (1991). "Biographical Note, Frank Purdy Lahm Collection". National Air And Space Museum Archives. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
    57. ^ Cook & Sprinkle 2001, pp. 46–47
    58. ^ a b c Simpson 1970, p. xvi
    59. ^ "Frank Purdy Lahm". First Flight Society online. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
    60. ^ "Enshrinee Frank Lahm". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 13, 2023.

    References

    External links
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