Gandhi Sagar Dam
Gandhi Sagar | |
---|---|
Yamuna River | |
Height | 62.17 metres (204.0 ft) |
Length | 514 metres (1,686 ft) |
Reservoir | |
Creates | Multipurpose |
Total capacity | 7,322,000,000 m3 (5,936,000 acre⋅ft) (258.61 tmc ft) |
Catchment area | 22,584 km2 (8,720 sq mi) |
Surface area | 723 km2 (279 sq mi) |
Power Station | |
Hydraulic head | 44 metres (144 ft) |
Gandhisagar Dam[1] |
Gandhisagar Dam is situated at a distance of 168 km from the District headquarter. The Dam is constructed on the Chambal River.
The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major
The dam sports a 115-MW
It attracts many migratory and non-migratory birds throughout the year. The International Bird Life Agency (IBA) has qualified the reservoir under "A4iii" criteria, as the congregation of waterbirds is reported to exceed 20,000 at some points.[6]
Geography
The Chambal River (known in ancient times as the Chamranyavati River) raises in the
The Chambal and its tributaries drain the
Between 344 kilometres (214 mi) and 440 kilometres (270 mi) from the Chambal's source is an area of deep gorges; the Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in the middle reach of this gorge section. The dam is situated at a distance of 168 kilometres (104 mi) from the district administrative headquarters of Mandsaur.[2]
Construction history
The
Stage I
The first stage of the development involved construction of the Gandhi Sagar Dam to a height of a 62.17 metres (204.0 ft) as a storage dam to store 7,32,20,00,000 cubic metres in Madhya Pradesh and use the stored water for hydroelectric power generation, followed by irrigation from the Kota Barrage in Rajasthan, 104 kilometres (65 mi) downstream of the dam. Power generation at Gandhi Sagar Dam was through a powerhouse at the toe of the dam, with a total installed capacity of 115 MW (divided into five units of 23 MW).[3] The Kota Barrage, an earth and masonry structure 37.34 metres (122.5 ft) in height, was built to provide irrigation through a canal system, with two main canals on the right and left banks. Construction of both projects began in 1953–54; both began functioning in 1960. The water received at the Kota Barrage is shared equally between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan for irrigation.[4][5]
Stage II
The second stage of development involved the use of the water released from the Gandhi Sagar Dam through another dam structure, the
Stage III
The third and final stage of development envisaged an intermediate dam between the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and the Kota Barrage, called the Jawahar Sagar Dam. This dam is a concrete gravity dam, 45 metres (148 ft) high, located approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) upstream of Kota Barrage to its southwest, and provides a hydroelectric power generation capacity of 99 MW, with three generator units of 33 MW capacity each. This project was commissioned in 1972.[4][5]
Features
Gandhi Sagar Dam is a masonry gravity dam with a height of 62.17 metres (204.0 ft) and a length of 514 metres (1,686 ft). The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of 7.32 billion cubic metres, with a live storage of 6.79 billion cubic metres corresponding to Full Reservoir Level (FRL) at 400 metres (1,300 ft). The spillway of the dam is designed for a discharge of 21,238 cubic metres per second. There are 10 gated spillway spans to pass the designed flood discharge. In addition, 9 river sluices have also been provided, but these have not been functional.[1][2][4][5]
The hydroelectric power station is located at the toe of the dam on the right bank. The total flow through the five turbines is 311.15 m3/s. The power station has an installation of 142 MW with five turbines of 23 MW and one unit of 27 MW capacity. The power station is 65 metres (213 ft) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide. Power is supplied first to the local district and then to other regions of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.[2] The Gandhi Sagar Dam and Power Station were built at a total cost of about Rs. 2.3 billion.[2]
Reservoir
The reservoir created by the dam is the third largest in India (after the Indirasagar Reservoir and Hirakud Reservoir), with a total area of 723 km2 (279 sq mi). The catchment area of the Chambal River from the Vindhyachal ranges to the south and Aravalli to the northeast, covering a drainage area of 22,584 km2 (8,720 sq mi); important tributaries that discharge into the Chambal upstream of this reservoir include the Shipra, Chhoti, Kalisindh, Ansar, and Rupniya on the eastern side, and the Tilsoi, Edar, Retum and Shivna in the west.[11] The maximum length and width of the reservoir are 68 kilometres (42 mi) and 26 kilometres (16 mi), respectively. The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of 36,700 hectares (91,000 acres), is shared by the Mandsaur and Neemuch districts, in the catchment area of the Gandhi Sagar reservoir. The sanctuary's forested area was once a hunting area of the Holkar royal family of Indore. The reservoir is under the control of the irrigation and fisheries departments of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, and is mostly used for fisheries development also.[6][11]
The mean depth of the reservoir is 11.73 metres (38.5 ft), with a shore development index of 4.78, and a volume development index of 0.601 at the Full Reservoir Level. Scientific studies indicate that the reservoir is productive as regards fisheries, with the reservoir water indicating a moderate-to-high rate of
Suggested reservoir amendment
Analysis of hydroelectric power generation performed by the three power plants in the Chambal valley has been carried out by a non-governmental agency, based on statistics provided by the Central Electricity Authority under the RTI Act. The results indicate that the Gandhi Sagar reservoir attained its full storage condition only during five years of its first five decades of operation. The energy generation of all the three power plants declined by 25% in the same period of 50 years, relative to the projected 50-year figures. Keeping these aspects in view, in 2011 it was suggested[according to whom?] that the full reservoir level in the Gandhi Sagar Dam be reduced by suitable operational guidelines, which would enable the release of substantial submergence area for cultivation by the farmers who originally owned these lands.[10]
In 2022, a 1,440MW pumped-storage hydroelectricity project was underway, using the Gandhi Sagar reservoir as the lower reservoir.[12]
References
- ^ a b c "National Register of Large Dams" (PDF). Madhya Pradesh Sr No. 124. Central Water Commission. Retrieved 10 May 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f "Gandhisagar Dam". National Informatics Center Mandsur. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Consultancy for formulating operational cost norms including O&M and escalation for Hydro Power for the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission" (PDF). Gandhi Sagar: Annexure 3, sr.no. 36. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Command Area Development Chambal, Kota". Kota Division National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Chambal Valley Project". Government of Rajasthan. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b c "Important Bird Areas in India – Madhya Pradesh" (PDF). Gandhisagar Reservoir. IBA. Retrieved 11 May 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1.
- ^ "Chambal River (in Chambal River (river, India))". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ "Chambal Valley". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b "The strong case for reducing the FRL of the Chambal Dam" (PDF). AgropediaLabs.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 11 May 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "Gandhisagar Reservoir". FAO.org. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Colthorpe, Andy (29 September 2022). "Greenko appoints electromechanical contractor for 1,440MW India pumped hydro project". Energy Storage News.