Geology of the Canary Islands
The geology of the Canary Islands is dominated by
The Canary Islands are a 450 km (280 mi) long, east-west trending,
From east to west, the main islands are Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, and El Hierro.[Note 1] There are also several minor islands and islets. The seven main Canary Islands originated as separate submarine seamount volcanoes on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, which is 1,000–4,000 m (3,000–13,000 ft) deep in the Canarian region.
Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are parts of a single volcanic ridge called the Canary Ridge. These two present-day islands have sometimes been a single island in the past. Part of the ridge is now submerged, and Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are separate islands, separated by an 11 km (7 mi) wide, 40 m (130 ft) deep strait of ocean water.[6]
Volcanic activity has occurred during the last 11,700 years on all of the main islands except La Gomera.[7]
Regional setting
Volcanic activity in the Canary Volcanic Province started about 70
The Canary Islands are built upon one the oldest regions of Earth's oceanic crust (175–147 Ma), part of the slow-moving African Plate, in the continental rise section of northwest Africa's passive continental margin.[9][10] The oceanic lithosphere is about 60 km thick at the central Canary Islands and about 100 km thick at the western islands.[11]
Two seamounts, Las Hijas (southwest of El Hierro) and El Hijo de Tenerife (about 200,000 years old, located between Gran Canaria and Tenerife) may eventually (in the next 500,000 years) form new islands by future eruptions adding more lava flows to their
Growth stages
Volcanic oceanic islands, such as the Canary Islands, form in deep parts of the oceans. This type of island forms by a sequence of development stages:[13]
- submarine (seamount) stage
- shield-building stage
- declining stage (La Palma and El Hierro)
- erosion stage (La Gomera)
- rejuvenation/post-erosional stage (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, Gran Canaria and Tenerife).[13]
The Canary Islands differ from some other volcanic oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands: for example, the Canary Islands have stratovolcanoes, compression structures and a lack of significant subsidence.[13]
The seven main Canary Islands originated as separate submarine seamount volcanoes on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. Each seamount, built up by the eruption of many
The volume of volcanic rock that has built up the Canary Islands to thousands of metres above the ocean floor is about 124,600 km3; 96% of this lava is hidden below sea level and only 4% (4,940 km3) is above sea level.[16] The western islands have more of their volume (7%) above sea level than do the eastern islands (2%).[16]
Age
The age of the oldest subaerially-erupted lavas on each island decreases from east to west along the island chain: Lanzarote-Fuerteventura (20.2
Rock types
Volcanic rock types found on the Canary Islands are typical of oceanic islands. The volcanic rocks include alkali basalts, basanites, phonolites, trachytes, nephelinites, trachyandesites, tephrites and rhyolites.[13][7]
Volcanic landforms
Examples of the following types of volcanic
Origins of volcanism
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the volcanism of the Canary Islands.[21] Two hypotheses have received the most attention from geologists:
- The volcanism is related to crustal fractures extending from the Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
- The volcanism is caused by the African Plate moving slowly over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle.
Currently, a hotspot (the Canary hotspot) is the explanation accepted by most geologists who study the Canary Islands.[22][23]
Evidence in favour of a hotspot origin for Canarian volcanism includes the age progression in the arcuate Canary Volcanic Province occurring in the same direction and at the same rate as in the neighbouring arcuate Madeira Volcanic Province (about 450 km farther north). This is consistent with the African Plate rotating anticlockwise at about 12 mm per year.[24] Also, seismic tomography has revealed the existence of a region of hot rock extending from the surface, down through the oceanic lithosphere to a depth of at least 1,000 km in the upper mantle.[25]
Volcanic eruption distribution
Seventy-five confirmed volcanic eruptions have occurred in the Canary Islands in the
Island | Holocene (last 11,700 years) |
Modern Era (since c. 1480) |
Modern Era eruption dates | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lanzarote | 4 | 2 | 1730–1736, 1824 | [29] | |
Fuerteventura | 0 | 0 | —— | No specific confirmed Holocene eruptions, but they are inferred to have occurred (based on the freshness of lava and volcanic landforms) | [30] |
Gran Canaria | 11 | 0 | —— | [31] | |
Tenerife | 42 | 5 | 1492, 1704–1705, 1706, 1798, 1909 | [32] | |
La Gomera | 0 | 0 | —— | [27] | |
La Palma | 14 | 8 | 1481(±11), 1585, 1646, 1677–1678, 1712, 1949, 1971, 2021 | [33] | |
El Hierro | 4 | 1 | 2011–2012 | [34] |
Lanzarote
Volcanic activity at Lanzarote started during the
The Timanfaya eruption (1730–1736) erupted more than one
Almost all the volcanic rocks of Lanzarote are basaltic.[52]
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura is situated on Mesozoic oceanic crust, about 70 km from the edge of the African continental shelf and about 100 km from the African mainland, making it the Canarian island closest to Africa.
Due to its old age, the oceanic crust at Fuerteventura is relatively rigid and this has prevented subsidence and allowed weathering and erosion to expose deep levels of the island's geological structure.[53]
The two main rock sequences of Fuerteventura are (1) a lower, older (Cretaceous to early Miocene) sequence of sedimentary, plutonic and submarine volcanic rocks with intrusive dykes, often called the "basal complex", which is unconformably overlain by (2) a younger sequence of Miocene, Pliocene and Quaternary subaerial volcanic rocks.
The oldest rocks of Fuerteventura are a set of
In the early Miocene, volcanic activity transitioned from submarine to subaerial while the volcanic edifice was gradually built up above sea level. Fuerteventura has the oldest subaerial volcanic rocks of the Canary Islands, which have been dated to 20.6 Ma.[58] There were three main shield volcanoes built on the seamount base (from north to south): the Northern Edifice, the Central Edifice and the Jandia Edifice.[59][60] The central shield volcano is the oldest, built mostly from 22 to 18 Ma but with a later phase from 17.5 to 13 Ma. The southern shield volcano formed from 21 to 14 Ma. The northern shield volcano was built mainly from 17 to 12 Ma.[61] These shield volcanoes erupted mostly basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows.[62]
In the late Miocene (from about 11.5 Ma), there was a pause in volcanic activity (the erosional stage). Minor volcanic eruptions resumed in the Pliocene, at about 5.1 Ma (the rejuvenation stage) and they continued sporadically into the Quaternary, with basaltic lava flows dominating again.[63]
The most recent volcanic eruption on Fuerteventura that has been dated occurred 134,000 years ago in the middle Pleistocene.[64] Some undated volcanic cones in northern Fuerteventura may have formed more recently.[65]
Weathering, erosion and sedimentation during the Pliocene and Quaternary formed coastal and shallow-sea sedimentary rocks that were eventually covered by younger
Gran Canaria
After early Miocene submarine volcanic eruptions created a seamount, subaerial volcanic activity at Gran Canaria occurred in three phases: shield stage (middle- and late-Miocene, 14.5 to 8.5 Ma), erosional stage (late Miocene, 8.5 to 5.3 Ma) and rejuvenated stage (Pliocene to Quaternary, 5.3 Ma to present).[67]
The shield stage started with an early phase of eruptions of basaltic lava flows, from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma, which built the main subaerial shield volcanic edifice that forms three quarters of the subaerial volume of Gran Canaria.[68] At least three shield volcanoes were active during this stage of island development and their lava flows gradually merged together into a single large landform.[69] This was followed by a later phase, from 14.1 to 8.5 Ma, of explosive volcanic eruptions of differentiated felsic lavas (phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites) with many pyroclastic flows (that deposited ignimbrites). In central Gran Canaria, Tejeda caldera and a cone sheet swarm were formed in this phase.[70]
From 8.5 to 5.3 Ma, in the erosional stage, there was minimal volcanic activity. Erosion occurred along with deposition of alluvial sediments on the island and deposition of submarine turbidite sediments offshore.[71]
In the rejuvenation stage, from 5.3 Ma to present, volcanic activity has occurred in three phases. The first phase, from 5.3 to 2.7 Ma, was dominated by the formation of
Earthquakes
The
From 1 January 1975 to 31 December 2023, 168 earthquakes of
In 2004, an earthquake swarm occurred on Tenerife, which raised concern that a volcanic eruption may have been about to occur but no such eruption followed the swarm.[86][87]
Earthquake swarms, due to the underground movement of molten magma, were detected before and during the volcanic eruptions of 2011–2012 and 2021. In the week before the 2021 eruption on La Palma, a swarm of more than 22,000 earthquakes occurred, with mbLg magnitudes up to about 3.5. The hypocentres of successive earthquakes migrated upwards as magma rose slowly to the surface.[88][89][90] During the eruption, larger earthquakes were detected, for example an earthquake of mbLg magnitude 4.3 occurred 35 km below the surface.[91]
At least four tsunamis, triggered by distant earthquakes, have hit the coasts of the Canary Islands in the Modern Era. They occurred in 1755 (1755 Lisbon earthquake), 1761 (1761 Lisbon earthquake), 1941 (1941 Gloria Fault earthquake) and 1969.[92]
See also
- Canary Islands Seamount Province
- Geology of Cape Verde
- Geology of Madeira
- Geology of Morocco
- Longshore drift – Sediment moved by the longshore current
- Pico do Fogo – Mountain peak in Cape Verde
- Savage Islands – Macaronesian archipelago in the North Atlantic
Further reading
- Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Day, Simon (1 January 2002). The Canary Islands (Classic Geology in Europe). Terra Books. ISBN 978-1903544075.
Notes
- La Graciosa has been officially designated "la octava isla canaria habitada"[5](the eighth inhabited island of the Canary Islands), in effect the eighth "main island". This is only a political and social designation. La Graciosa continues to be a geologically minor island of the Canary Islands, associated with its much larger neighbour Lanzarote.
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External links
- MAGNA 50k (2nd series) – Geological map of Spain, scale 1:50,000. Published by IGME, Madrid. Retrieved 2024-04-24.