Great Cove massacre
Great Cove massacre | |
---|---|
Part of the French and Indian War | |
Location | Great Cove (present day McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania) |
Coordinates | 39°55′58″N 77°59′46″W / 39.93278°N 77.99611°W |
Date | 1 November 1755 |
Attack type | Mass murder |
Deaths | 7-32 killed[1]: 597–99 |
Victims | European settlers living on Native American land |
Assailants | Lenape and Shawnee warriors |
The Great Cove massacre was an attack by
Background
Following General Edward Braddock's defeat on 9 July 1755 at the Battle of the Monongahela, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, Pennsylvania was left without a professional military force.[7] Lenape chiefs Shingas and Captain Jacobs launched dozens of Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements,[8] killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania.[9] The nearby settlement of Penn's Creek was destroyed by Lenape warriors on 16 October.[10]
Massacre
On 1 November 1755, a band of about 100 Lenape and Shawnee warriors, and possibly a few French soldiers, launched attacks on the Great Cove settlement and a neighboring settlement known as the Conolloways, with the force splitting into two groups of 50 just before the assault. The Lenape chief Shingas is known to have participated, and also Captain Jacobs. At least one source states that the Lenape leader Tamaqua also took part in the attack.[11]: 210 Some of the settlers received advance warning of the attack, reportedly from a settler named Patrick Burns who had escaped from captivity among the Indians, and about half of those living in the two communities fled.[1]: 597
On 2 November, The Pennsylvania Gazette reported:
- "By Express this Day from Conegochtig (Conococheague) we are informed, that Yesterday the Settlements in the Great Cove and Cannalaways [Conolloways, a community on the Tonoloway Creek] were attacked by a Party of Indians, and several Houses seen in Flames, which, with the Firing of many Guns, gives sufficient Reason to think that the Inhabitants are all cut off or fled; we expect daily to be attacked here, and at Harris's Ferry, as these two Places have been particularly threatned: We have great Numbers from Lancaster and York Counties coming in every Day to our Assistance."[12]
In a letter written on 2 November, Sheriff Potter gives an account of the attack and describes his efforts to pursue the Indians, stating that he took 40 men into the community but did not encounter any of the attackers. Later they were joined by "a recruit" of 60 men and "held counsel whether to pursue up the valley all night or return to McDowell's, [but]...there were not six of these men that would consent to go in pursuit of the Indians." On 6 November, Adam Hoops wrote to Governor Robert Morris that Captain Hance Hamilton was arriving from York County with 200 men and that another 200 men from Lancaster County were prepared to fight.[1]: 597–98 Pennsylvania militia searched the area but lost the trail in the newly-fallen snow, although they found the body of a child, probably killed because he or she was unable to keep pace with the fleeing warriors.[13]: 167
No definitive account of the number of casualties exists, although a Pennsylvania Gazette article published on 13 November names seven of those killed and eighteen taken captive, 11 of whom were children. Sheriff Potter testified on 14 November to provincial authorities that "of ninety-three families which were settled in the two coves and the Conolloways, forty-seven [persons] were either killed or taken [prisoner]." In his letter of 6 November, Adam Hoops reported "about fifty persons killed or taken."[1]: 597 [3]: 94
Captives
Captives taken during the raid were escorted back to Kittanning, a Lenape community that served as a staging area for raids on Pennsylvania settlements. Captain Jacobs told the Flemings that captives would be resettled as slaves among Native American communities sympathetic to the French in the Ohio Country,[14]: 10 but some captives were taken to Canada and sold to the French there. At least one captive is known to have escaped near Oswego, New York in September, 1756.[13]: 238 Three captives were released by the Lenape chief Tamaqua at the Lancaster Council of August 1762, and several others were handed over to Colonel Henry Bouquet at his camp on the Muskingum River in November 1764.[2]: 222
William and Elizabeth Fleming
William and Elizabeth Fleming survived the massacre and were captured but managed to escape. In 1756, they published an account in Boston, describing their experiences.[15]: 7 [14][16] In this account, the Flemings state that William heard the warning issued by Patrick Burns, and immediately rode off to collect his pregnant wife and flee. He was ambushed by warriors on the way, however, and was captured. One warrior identified himself as Captain Jacobs, the leader of the assault, and he told Fleming to lead him to "those Houses that were Most defenceless; and added...that he would Spare my Life on Condition I would help." Fleming then informed them that he was concerned for the safety of his wife, at which point Captain Jacobs said that, if Fleming led them to her, they would spare her life.[13]: 91–2 He agreed, hoping that as they approached the settlement, his neighbors might rescue him. After taking Elizabeth Fleming captive, the Indians ransacked the Flemings' home and set fire to it, then did the same to a neighbor's home, forcing William and Elizabeth to carry bags of items they had looted from the homes.[14]
That night, at a campfire, Captain Jacobs informed the Flemings that the Indians had learned during General
Charles Stuart
Charles Stuart was captured during the massacre and held prisoner until 1757. On his return to Pennsylvania, he wrote a lengthy statement of his experiences, probably intended for military authorities. The manuscript was published in 1926.[17]: 58
Stuart and his wife, son and daughter were captured at Great Cove. In his account, he misidentifies the date of the massacre as 29 October, but provides a detailed account of his experiences. He states that his home was attacked by "Delaware, Mingo and Shawnese" warriors "about 90 in number," who looted and burned his house and barn. Stuart says that Shingas led the attack on Great Cove, while Captain Jacobs and his warriors attacked the Conolloways. The warriors took Stuart with his family to join a crowd of "19 other prisoners." A few of the older captives were killed, then the warriors escorted their captives and a large number of cattle and horses west towards Kittanning. On the journey, some prisoners were given away at several native villages. Two captives escaped by killing a guard, and the warriors threatened to kill Stuart in retaliation, but Shingas interceded on his behalf.[17]: 59–62
Stuart reports a historically significant conversation with Shingas, who stated that he would have supported the British against the French, until hearing from General Braddock that "the English Should Inhabit & Inherit the Land [and]...that No Savage Should Inherit the Land." When Shingas threatened to withdraw his warriors and his support, "Gen'l Braddock answered that he did not need their Help." Shingas told Stuart he would be willing to support the British and live in peace if they would send weavers and blacksmiths to teach the Lenape to make cloth, gunpowder, and guns, and how to smelt lead and iron from ore.[17]: 63–65
The Stuarts were taken to Kittanning where Charles was forced to run the gauntlet. The next day they were given to a Wyandot chief and sent to Fort Duquesne. The Wyandots then took the family to Fort Sandusky, and along the way Stuart's two children were given to native families. Stuart and his wife were then taken to Detroit, where they were sold to two French priests. Although the Stuarts were told that they could work to pay for their freedom, they were eventually sent to England in a prisoner exchange, and returned to Pennsylvania in 1757.[17]: 58, 66–81
Aftermath
Following the massacre, most of the settlers returned to Great Cove and the Conolloways. Raids continued on isolated homesteads,
The Great Cove Massacre and other attacks on Pennsylvania settlements prompted the provincial government to construct a chain of forts across the western frontier, and a second line of forts to serve as supply centers and a "fall back" line of defense, including Fort Augusta, Fort Halifax and Fort Hunter.[1]: 597 Fort Lyttleton was built to the north of Great Cove and Fort Loudoun just to the east. However, the unexpected destruction of the newly built Fort Granville in August, 1756 suggested that the forts themselves were vulnerable, and by then it had become clear that they were expensive to supply and garrison. The destruction of Kittanning in September, 1756 demonstrated that the colonists were capable of retaliation, and the Native American raids became much less frequent after the Treaty of Easton in 1758.[4]
Memorialization
Many victims of the massacre were buried at the Big Spring Graveyard in Ayr Township near McConnellsburg in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, where a historical marker notes their graves.[18]
See also
- Penn's Creek Massacre
- Battle of Sideling Hill
- Captain Jacobs
- French and Indian War
References
- ^ a b c d e f g William H. Koontz, ed. History of Bedford, Somerset, and Fulton Counties, Pennsylvania with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Chicago: Waterman, Watkins & Co., 1884
- ^ a b c Sipe, Chester Hale. The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania: An Account of the Indian Events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian War, Pontiac's War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolutionary War and the Indian Uprising from 1789 to 1795; Tragedies of the Pennsylvania Frontier Based Primarily on the Penna. Archives and Colonial Records. Telegraph Press, 1931.
- ^ a b Rupp, Israel Daniel, Fralish, John Cecil. The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania, Rupp History, 1846
- ^ a b Egle, William H. An Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg: De Witt C. Goodrich & Co., 1876
- ^ a b Elsie S. Greathead, The history of Fulton County, Pennsylvania, Fulton County News, McConnellsburg PA, 1936
- ^ Wallace, Paul A. W. Conrad Weiser, 1696-1760: Friend of Colonist and Mohawk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1945.
- ^ Samuel J. Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia: Defending the Commonwealth and the Nation, 1669–1870, Annville, PA, 2002
- ^ Matthew C. Ward, Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years’ War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765, Pittsburgh, 2003
- ^ William Albert Hunter, "Victory at Kittanning", Pennsylvania History, vol. 23, no. 3, July 1956; pp 376-407
- ^ Denaci, Ruth Ann "The Penn's Creek Massacre and the Captivity of Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 74(3): Summer 2007. Pp 307–332
- ^ Uriah James Jones, History of the Early Settlement of the Juniata Valley, Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1889
- ^ "Extract of a letter from Shippensburg, Nov 2, 1755," in The Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Thu, Nov 6, 1755, p. 2
- ^ ISBN 0773589899
- ^ a b c d William and Elizabeth Fleming, A narrative of the sufferings and surprizing deliverances of William and Elizabeth Fleming, who were taken captive by Capt. Jacob, commander of the Indians, who lately made the incursions on the frontier of Pennsylvania, as related by themselves. Boston, Mass.: Green and Russell, 1756.
- ^ Roy Harvey Pearce, "The Significances of the Captivity Narrative," American Literature, Vol. 19, No. 1; March, 1947, pp. 1-20
- ^ "Details of the Great Cove Massacre, as given by two captives fortunate enough to have escaped," The Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Thu, Feb 26, 1756, p. 3
- ^ a b c d Beverly W. Bond, ed. "The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Jun., 1926, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-81
- ^ William Fischer, "Big Spring Graveyard," Historical Marker Database, February 8, 2010