HMS Agamemnon (1906)

	Agamemnon
History
United Kingdom
Name	Agamemnon
Builder	William Beardmore and Company Dalmuir
Cost	£1,652,347
Laid down	15 May 1905
Launched	23 June 1906
Sponsored by	Countess of Aberdeen
Completed	June 1908
Commissioned	25 June 1908
Decommissioned	20 March 1919
Reclassified	Target ship 1921–1926
Fate	Sold for scrap, 24 January 1927
Notes	The last surviving British predreadnought when scrapped
General characteristics
Class and type	Lord Nelson-class pre-dreadnought battleship
Displacement	16,500 long tons (16,800 t); 17,683 long tons (17,967 t) deep load;
Length	443 ft 6 in (135.2 m)
Beam	79 ft 6 in (24.2 m)
Draught	26 ft 9 in (8.2 m)
Installed power	15 water-tube boilers; 16,750 kW);
Propulsion	2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines
Speed	18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Range	9,180 nautical miles (17,000 km; 10,560 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	800–817
Armament	2 × twin 12 in (305 mm) guns; 4 × twin, 2 × single 9.2 in (234 mm) guns; 24 × single 12-pdr (3 in (76 mm)) guns; 5 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes;
Armour	Belt: 12 in (305 mm); Decks: 1–4 in (25–102 mm); Barbettes: 3–12 in (76–305 mm); Main gun turrets: 12–13.5 in (305–343 mm); Secondary gun turrets: 3–7 in (76–178 mm); Conning tower: 12 in (305 mm); Bulkheads: 8 in (203 mm);

HMS Agamemnon was one of two

Dardanelles Campaign. She made a number of bombardments against Turkish fortifications and in support of British troops. Agamemnon remained in the Mediterranean after the conclusion of that campaign to prevent the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser Breslau from breaking out into the Mediterranean. Agamemnon shot down the German Zeppelin LZ-55 (LZ-85) during a bombing mission over Salonica in 1916. On 30 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on board the ship while she was anchored at Lemnos in the northern Aegean Sea. She was converted to a radio-controlled target ship following her return to the United Kingdom in March 1919 and began service in 1921. Agamemnon was the last pre-dreadnought in service with the Royal Navy; she was replaced by Centurion

at the end of 1926 and sold for scrap in January 1927.

Construction and description

HMS Agamemnon was ordered in 1904 and was the first warship built by the William Beardmore and Company's Dalmuir Naval Construction Works. She was laid down on 15 May 1905 and launched on 23 June 1906 before the dockyards themselves were finished. Her completion was greatly delayed by labour troubles and by the diversion of the 12-inch (305 mm) guns intended for her to expedite completion of Dreadnought, and she was not finally completed until June 1908, six months before her sister Lord Nelson.^[2]

Agamemnon displaced 17,683 long tons (17,967 t) at deep load as built, with a length of 443 feet 6 inches (135.2 m), a beam of 79 feet 6 inches (24.2 m) and a draft of 26 feet 9 inches (8.2 m). She was powered by two inverted

vertical triple expansion four-cylinder steam engines, which developed a total of 16,750 indicated horsepower (12,490 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).^[1]

The ship was armed with four

BL 9.2-inch Mk XI guns, in twin gun turrets on each corner of the superstructure, and a single gun turret between them, plus 24 QF 12-pounder 18 cwt guns. She also mounted five submerged 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes, for which 23 torpedoes were stowed aboard.^[1]

Agamemnon had an armour belt at her waterline that was 12 inches (305 mm) thick, as were the faces and sides of her gun turrets.^[3]

Service history

Pre-First World War

HMS Agamemnon commissioned on 25 June 1908 at Chatham Dockyard for service in the Nore Division of the Home Fleet. On 11 February 1911, she grazed an uncharted rock in the harbour at Ferrol, Spain, and damaged her bottom.^[4] She was temporarily attached in September 1913 to the 4th Battle Squadron.^[5]

First World War

After the

Sir John French, to France. On 14 November, she transferred to Sheerness to guard the English coast against the possibility of a German invasion. She returned to Portland on 30 December and was employed in the defence of the southern ports of England and patrols of the English Channel until February 1915.^[4]

Dardanelles campaign, 1915–16

In February 1915, Agamemnon was ordered to participate in the

Mudros 10 days later. That was the second day of the opening bombardment of the Ottoman Turkish forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles, and the ship immediately joined the attack. She also took part in the subsequent bombardment of the inner forts later in February. Agamemnon was hit by seven 9.4-inch (240 mm) shells in ten minutes on 25 February and was holed above the waterline, suffering three dead.^[4]

She supported the small amphibious landings of 4 March and participated in another bombardment on 6 March 1915. She came under heavy fire from Fort Hamidieh on 7 March, taking eight hits from large-calibre shells; one of them, allegedly a 14-inch (356 mm) round, blew a large hole in her quarterdeck and wrecked the wardroom and the gunroom. She also took several hits by light shells that day, and, although she suffered damage to her superstructure, her fighting and steaming capabilities were not seriously impaired.^[4]

The ship also participated in the main attack on the Dardanelles forts on 18 March. This time, a 6-inch (152 mm) howitzer battery opened fire on Agamemnon and hit her 12 times in 25 minutes; five of the howitzer shells hit her armour and did no damage, but the seven that hit outside her armour protection did considerable structural damage and temporarily put one of her 12-inch (305 mm) guns out of action.^[4]

On 25 April, Agamemnon supported the

netlaying vessels operating in the Dardanelles. In action against Ottoman field batteries, she took two hits between 28 April and 30 April, and she provided fire support for Allied troops during a Turkish counterattack on 1 May. Agamemnon bombarded Ottoman artillery batteries on 6 May prior to the Second Battle of Krithia.^[4]

Agamemnon was withdrawn to

Gallipoli Peninsula.^[4]

Mediterranean operations, 1916–18

With the end of the Dardanelles Campaign in January 1916, British naval forces in the area were reorganized, and Agamemnon became part of the

Mudros, alternating between the two bases with her sister Lord Nelson; Agamemnon was based mostly at Mudros, Lord Nelson mostly at Salonika.^[4] While carrying out these duties, Agamemnon damaged the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin LZ-55 (LZ-85) on 5 May at Salonika with a shell from a 12-pounder and forced it to crash-land.^[4]

Of all the responsibilities given the two ships, the most important was to guard the Eastern

Battle of Imbros. After both German ships struck mines, Breslau sank and Goeben returned to the Dardanelles before Agamemnon could arrive on the scene.^[4]

Agamemnon underwent a refit at Malta in 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on board Agamemnon while she was anchored at Lemnos in the northern Aegean Sea.^[4]

Post-war

Agamemnon was part of the British squadron that went to Constantinople in November 1918 following the armistice. She returned to the United Kingdom in March 1919, where she paid off at Chatham Dockyard and went into reserve on 20 March.^[4]

In September 1918, the

Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet, Admiral David Beatty, had called for a large target to be provided which would allow realistic gunnery practice for the battleships of the Grand Fleet, which had seen little action since the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Tests against armour plate in 1919 demonstrated that firing 15-inch (381-mm) guns at any pre-dreadnought would sink her quickly, but the use of a pre-dreadnought for target practice and tests by guns of 6-inch calibre (152-mm) or smaller seemed practical. At first, the pre-dreadnought Hibernia was suggested for target duties, but ultimately Agamemnon became available and was selected instead.^[6]

Based on the earlier experience in Radio Control British drone weapons 'Agamemnon' was modified at Chatham Dockyard for use as a target ship between 6 December 1920 and 8 April 1921.^{[Note 1]} The ship was rewired for radio control and stripped; the 12-inch turrets remained aboard, but all of her guns and their equipment were removed, as were her torpedo equipment, flying deck, sea cabins, main derrick and boat equipment, lower conning tower, masts and yards, most of her crew amenities, and other unnecessary equipment. Unnecessary hatches, coamings, scuttles, and lifts were removed and plated over, and she was ballasted differently than she had been as a battleship. It was not intended to sink her, so she was assigned a crew of 153 to maintain and operate her when she was not under fire.^[6]

Agamemnon's first target service took place before her modifications were completed. On 19 March 1921, she was exposed to a cloud of

poisonous gas to determine the effect of gas on a battleship. It was found that gas could penetrate the ship via her various openings, but the ship had not been sealed against gas before the trial and no accurate results applicable to a commissioned battleship could be obtained. On 21 September, she was subjected to machine-gun fire by strafing aircraft. These trials showed that such strafing could harass a battleship, but could not impair her fighting or steaming capabilities, and helped to determine protection for bridge personnel.^[6]

Agamemnon also was used to test the vulnerability of battleships to 6-inch (152-mm), 5.5-inch (140-mm), and 4.7-inch (120-mm) rounds fired at her by ships such as the battlecruisers Renown and Repulse while she maneuvered under radio control. These tests showed that ships protected as well as Agamemnon, such as the later dreadnoughts, would suffer damage to their upper works if struck by such shells, but would not have their steaming or fighting capability seriously impaired even by numerous smaller-caliber hits.^[6]

Disposal

Agamemnon was relieved as target ship by the dreadnought

Portsmouth Dockyard on 1 March to be broken up at Newport.^[6]

Notes

^ Most sources say that Agamemnon served as a target ship from 1923 to 1926, and Burt, p. 298, says that she underwent conversion to a radio-controlled target ship from September 1922 to April 1923. However, Burt, p. 295, provides specifics about her conversion to a radio-controlled target ship in 1920–21, as well as specifics about her use as a target in 1921. It is possible that the conversion took place in 1920–1921 and is often confused with a 1922–23 refit.