HMS Repulse (1916)
Repulse on manoeuvres in the 1920s
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History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | Repulse |
Ordered | 30 December 1914 |
Builder | John Brown & Company, Clydebank |
Laid down | 25 January 1915 |
Launched | 8 January 1916 |
Commissioned | 18 August 1916 |
Identification | Pennant number: 34 |
Motto |
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Nickname(s) | Repair[1] |
Fate | Sunk by Japanese bombers, 10 December 1941 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | Renown-class battlecruiser |
Displacement | |
Length | |
Beam | 90 ft 1.75 in (27.5 m) |
Draught | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 4 × shafts, 2 × steam turbine sets, |
Speed | 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph) |
Crew |
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Armament |
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Armour |
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General characteristics (1939) | |
Displacement | 34,600 long tons (35,155 t) |
Draught | 29 ft 8 in (9 m) |
Installed power | 8 × boilers, 112,000 shp (84,000 kW) |
Propulsion | 4 × shafts, 4 × steam turbines |
Speed | 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph) |
Range | 6,650 nmi (12,320 km; 7,650 mi) |
Complement | 1,181 |
Armament |
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Armour | |
Aircraft carried | 4 × seaplanes |
Aviation facilities | 1 × aircraft catapult |
HMS Repulse was one of two
Repulse participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917, the only combat she saw during the war. She was reconstructed twice between the wars; a reconstruction in the 1920s increased her armour protection and made lesser improvements, while another in the 1930s was much more thorough. Repulse accompanied the battlecruiser Hood during the Cruise of the Special Service Squadron on a round-the-world cruise in 1923 to 1924 and protected international shipping during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 to 1939.
The ship spent the first months of the
In December 2023, a memorial was erected at
Design and description
Admiral Lord Fisher first presented his requirements for the new ships to the
During the following week the DNC's department examined the material delivered for the two battleships and decided what could be used in the new design. The usable material was transferred to the builders who had received enough information from the DNC's department to lay the keels of both ships on 25 January 1915, well before the altered contracts were completed on 10 March.[4]
Repulse had an
The ship mounted six 42-
Repulse's waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour measured 6 inches (152 mm) thick amidships. Her gun turrets were 7–9 inches (178–229 mm) thick with roofs 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick. As designed the high-tensile-steel decks ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 inches (19 to 38 mm) in thickness. After the Battle of Jutland in 1916, while the ship was still completing, an extra inch of high-tensile steel was added on the main deck over the magazines.[9] Repulse was fitted with a shallow anti-torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship.[10]
Despite these additions, the ship was still felt to be too vulnerable to plunging fire and Repulse was refitted in Rosyth between 10 November 1916 and 29 January 1917 with additional horizontal armour, weighing approximately 504 long tons (512 t), added to the decks over the magazines and over the steering gear.
Service history
First World War
Repulse was laid down by
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight
Over the course of 1917 the Admiralty became more concerned about German efforts in the North Sea to sweep paths through the British-laid minefields intended to restrict the actions of the
The German ships, four light cruisers of II Scouting Force, eight destroyers, three divisions of minesweepers, eight Sperrbrechers (cork-filled trawlers, used to detonate mines without sinking) and two trawlers to mark the swept route, were spotted at 7:30 a.m.,[Note 2] silhouetted by the rising sun. The light battlecruiser Courageous and the light cruiser Cardiff opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later. The Germans responded by laying an effective smoke screen. The British continued in pursuit, but lost track of most of the smaller ships in the smoke and concentrated fire on the light cruisers as opportunity permitted. Repulse was detached not long after and raced forward at full speed to engage the enemy ships. She opened fire at about 9:00,[14] scoring a single hit on the light cruiser SMS Königsberg during the battle.[12] When the German battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin were spotted about 9:50 the British broke off their pursuit and Repulse covered their retreat, aided by a heavy fog that came down around 10:40.[15] The ship fired a total of 54 15-inch shells during the battle and scored one hit on the light cruiser Königsberg that temporarily reduced her speed.[16]
On 12 December 1917, Repulse was damaged in a collision with the battlecruiser HMAS Australia.[17] The ship was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918.[12]
Inter-war period
Repulse began a major refit at Portsmouth on 17 December 1918[12] intended to drastically improve her armour protection. Her existing six-inch armour belt was replaced by 9-inch (229 mm) armour plates made surplus by the conversion of the battleship Almirante Cochrane (originally ordered by Chile and purchased after the war began) to the aircraft carrier Eagle. The original armour was fitted between the main and upper decks, above the new armour. Additional high-tensile plating was added to the decks over the magazines. The ship's anti-torpedo bulge was deepened and reworked along the lines of that installed on the battleship Ramillies. The bulge covered her hull from the submerged torpedo room to 'Y' magazine, the inner compartments of which were filled with crushing tubes. The bulges added 12 feet 8 inches (3.9 m) to her beam and 1 foot 4 inches (0.4 m) to her draught. The refit added about 4,500 long tons (4,600 t) to her displacement and raised her metacentric height to 6.4 feet (2 m) at deep load. Three 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinders were also added as well as eight torpedo tubes in twin mounts on the upper deck. Both flying-off platforms were removed.[18] This refit cost £860,684.
Repulse was recommissioned on 1 January 1921 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron of the
1930s reconstructions
After Repulse completed her 1926 refit, she remained in commission, aside from a brief refit from July to September 1927, with the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet until she was paid off in June 1932 prior to beginning her reconstruction in April 1933. Most of the existing layers of high-tensile steel that constituted the ship's horizontal armour were replaced by non-cemented armour plates 2.5–3.5 inches (64–89 mm) in thickness and the torpedo control tower was removed from the aft superstructure.[22] A fixed catapult replaced the midships 4-inch triple mount and a hangar was built on each side of the rear funnel to house two of the ship's Fairey III aircraft. One additional aircraft could be carried on the deck and another on the catapult itself. Electric cranes were mounted above each hangar to handle the aircraft.[23]
The four 4-inch AA guns were moved, one pair abreast the rear funnel at the level of the hangar roof and the other pair abreast the fore funnel on the forecastle deck. Four prototype QF 4-inch Mark XV
Repulse was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet when she recommissioned in April 1936. She transported 500 refugees from
Second World War
At the beginning of the Second World War, Repulse was part of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the
Repulse was assigned to support Allied operations during the
Accompanied by Renown and the 1st Cruiser Squadron, Repulse attempted to intercept the Gneisenau as it sailed from Trondheim to Germany in July. Until May 1941, the ship escorted convoys and unsuccessfully searched for German ships. On 22 May, Repulse was diverted from escorting Convoy WS8B to assist in the search for the Bismarck, but she had to break off the search early on 25 May as she was running low on fuel. The ship was refitted from June–August[34] and received eight Oerlikon 20-millimetre (0.79 in) autocannon as well as a Type 284 surface gunnery radar.[28] Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October and was transferred to East Indies Command.[35]
Force Z
In late 1941
Force Z was spotted during the afternoon of 9 December by the
The crew of
The first attack began at 11:13 when 250 kilograms (551 lb) bombs were dropped from eight G3Ms from an altitude of 11,500 feet (3,505 m). The battlecruiser was straddled by two bombs, then hit by a third which penetrated through the hangar to explode on the armoured deck below. This inflicted a number of casualties and damaged the ship's Supermarine Walrus seaplane, which was then pushed over the side to remove a fire hazard. Anti-aircraft fire damaged five of the Japanese bombers, two so badly that they immediately returned to Saigon. In the ensuing attacks, Repulse was skilfully handled by her captain, Bill Tennant, who managed to avoid 19 torpedoes as well as the remaining bombs from the G3Ms.[39] However, Repulse was then caught by a synchronised pincer attack by 17 Mitsubishi G4M torpedo bombers and hit by four or five torpedoes in rapid succession. The gunners on the Repulse shot down two planes and heavily damaged eight more, but the torpedo damage proved fatal.[40] At 12:23, Repulse listed severely to port, quickly capsized and went down by the stern[41] with the loss of 508 officers and men. The destroyers Electra and Vampire rescued the survivors, including Captain Tennant.[42]
Wreck
The wreck site was designated as a 'Protected Place' in 2002 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, 60 years after her sinking.[43] Survivors described five torpedo hits on Repulse, four on the port side and one on the starboard side. The four portside hits purportedly were: two amidship, one abreast of the rear turret and one near the propellers. The starboard side hit was amidships. A 2007 diving expedition could confirm only two of the hits by examination of the wreck: the portside hit near the propellers and the starboard hit amidship. Unfortunately, at the time of the expedition, the portside midships section of the wreck was buried in the ocean floor thus the claimed hits there could not be confirmed. However, the area abreast of the port rear turret was accessible and no sign whatsoever of a torpedo hit – as described by survivors – was found to be there.[44] In October 2014, The Daily Telegraph reported that both Prince of Wales and Repulse were being "extensively damaged" with explosives by scrap metal dealers.[45] In May 2023, it was reported that Chinese ship, Chuan Hong 68, illegally scavenged the wreck for its low-background steel.[46][47]
Notes
- ^ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 30 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
- ^ The times used in this article are in UTC, which is one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.
Footnotes
- ^ Stephen, p. 103
- ^ "King unveils memorial for HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales". Free Malaysia Today. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ Roberts, pp. 47–48
- ^ Roberts, pp. 45, 47
- ^ a b c d Burt 1986, p. 297
- ^ Roberts, p. 81
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 48
- ^ Roberts, p. 83
- ^ a b Burt 1986, p. 294
- ^ Roberts, p. 111
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 51
- ^ a b c d e Burt 1986, p. 302
- ^ Newbolt, pp. 164–165
- ^ Newbolt, pp. 173–175
- ^ Newbolt, pp. 175–176
- ^ Campbell, p. 64
- ^ Roberts, p. 123
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 55–56
- ^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 143
- ^ Burt 1993, p. 220
- ^ Burt 1993, pp. 220–221
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 206–207
- ^ a b Burt, pp. 210, 213
- ^ "British 0.50"/62 (12.7 mm) Mark III – Japanese 12 mm/62 "HI" Type". navweaps.com. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 207, 209
- ^ Burt 1993, pp. 221, 224
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 3, 6
- ^ a b Raven and Roberts, p. 217
- ^ Burt 1993, p. 224
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 11, 15
- ^ Haarr 2009, pp. 86, 93, 105
- ^ Haarr 2010, pp. 116, 139
- ^ Rohwer, p. 25
- ^ Burt 1993, pp. 224–225
- ^ Burt 1993, p. 225
- ^ Burt 1993, pp. 226–227
- ^ Stephen, pp. 107–108
- ^ Shores, et al., pp. 113–116
- ^ Shores, et al., pp. 116–120
- ^ Shores, et al., pp. 120–121
- ^ Middlebrook, M., Mahoney, P., Middlebrook, M., Mahoney, P. (2014). The Sinking of the Prince of Wales & Repulse: The End of the Battleship Era. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books.
- ^ Stephen, pp. 112–114
- ^ "Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 2616 The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006". Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ Denlay, pp. 6-8
- ^ Ryall, Julian & Gunter, Joel (25 October 2014). "Celebrated British warships being stripped bare for scrap metal". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- USNI News. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Seidel, Jamie (23 May 2023). "Chinese salvage ship caught red-handed looting battleship wrecks". news.com.au. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
References
- Brooks, John (2005). Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control. Naval Policy and History. Vol. 32. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40788-5.
- Burt, R. A. (1993). British Battleships, 1919–1939. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-068-2.
- Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-863-8.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1978). Battle Cruisers: The Design and Development of British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War Era. Warship Special. Vol. I. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-130-0.
- Denlay, Kevin (2007). "Expedition Job 74" (PDF). The Explorers Club. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- Haarr, Geirr H. (2010). The Battle for Norway: April–June 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-051-1.
- Haarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway: April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9.
- ISBN 0-89839-255-1.
- ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleships and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-817-0.
- Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-068-1.
- ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1992). Bloody Shambles: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. Vol. I. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-50-X.
- Stephen, Martin (1988). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-556-6.
Further reading
- Brown, Cecil. Suez to Singapore, (Google Books), Random House, New York: 1942, OCLC 396440.
- Hein, David. "Vulnerable: HMS Prince of Wales in 1941". Journal of Military History Volume 77, no. 3 (July 2013): pp. 955–89, ISSN 0899-3718.
- Horodyski, Joseph M. Military Heritage, December 2001, Volume 3, No. 3, pp. 69–77 ISSN 1524-8666(feature on the Repulse and its sinking)
- Johnston, Ian (2011). Clydebank Battlecruisers: Forgotten Photographs from John Brown's Shipyard (Hardcover). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591141204.
- Middlebrook, Martin and Mahoney, Patrick "Battleship: The Sinking of the Prince Of Wales and the Repulse", Scribner's: New York, 1979, OCLC 5843076
- Alan Matthews, Sailors' Tales: Life Onboard HMS Repulse During World War Two, Wrexham (1997) ISBN 0-9531217-0-4
External links
- Maritimequest HMS Repulse Photo Gallery
- Force Z Survivors Association Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- IWM Interview with survivor William Selby
- IWM Interview with survivor Reginald Wood
- IWM Interview with survivor Charles Rogers
- IWM Interview with survivor Reginald Jeffries
- IWM Interview with survivor Frederick Bowen
- IWM Interview with survivor Victor Clark
- IWM Interview with survivor Richard Smith
- IWM Interview with survivor Robert Fraser
- IWM Interview with survivor Richard Pool
- IWM Interview with survivor Arthur Bartholomew
- IWM Interview with survivor Eric Monaghan
- IWM Interview with survivor Frank Claxton
- IWM Interview with survivor Douglas Davies