Habronema muscae
Habronema muscae | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Nematoda |
Class: | Chromadorea |
Order: | Rhabditida |
Family: | Habronematidae |
Genus: | Habronema |
Species: | H. muscae
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Binomial name | |
Habronema muscae Carter, 1861
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Habronema muscae is an internal
Life cycle
Eggs
The
Larvae
After the eggs have hatched in the feces, the
Adults
When the larvae are licked and swallowed by the horse during grooming they travel to the stomach and embed themselves into the glandular part of the stomach close to the margo plicatus. A thick mucus is excreted by the stomach lining. The larvae mature into adults and females produce eggs to complete the life cycle.[1] Larvae that invade skin or eye tissue do not develop into adults.
Morphology: Adult has two lateral lips, dorsal and ventral lips may also be present. Buccal capsule cylindrical, chitinous. Oesophagous is divided into two parts, a short anterior muscular and long posterior glandular portion, intestine simple without any diverticula. Male:
Treatment
For most horses, the lesions will resolve by the end of summer. Topical or systemic treatment with Ivermectin is effective against Habronemiasis. Ivermectin or moxidectin can eliminate nematodes in the stomach. Glucocorticoids or antihistamines may be necessary to control inflammation, tissue proliferation, hypersensitivity, or pruritus. Surgical excision may be required to remove large masses.[3]
Prevention
Prevention is primarily through regular deworming of the horse and good fly control systems, especially removal of manure. Environmental sprays and clean bedding also help.[3]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-23299-9.
- ^ A colour Atlas of Equine Parasites D.E. Jacobs 1986 Balliere Tindall London
- ^ a b "Summer Sores | AAEP". aaep.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.