Haim Arlosoroff

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For the immigrant ship named after Haim Arlosoroff, see
USCGC Unalga (WPG-53)
.

Haim Arlosoroff
political activist
Political partyHapoel Hatzair, Mapai
SpouseSima Rubin

Haim Arlosoroff (February 23, 1899 – June 16, 1933; also known as Chaim Arlozorov;

Jewish Agency. In 1933, Arlosoroff was assassinated while walking on the beach in Tel Aviv
.

Biography

Haim Arlosoroff was born on February 23, 1899, into a

socialist political party which attracted many of the intellectuals of the time. As a result of his party affiliation, Arlosoroff was appointed editor of "Die Arbeit" (German for "The Labour"), a journal in which his writings were first published.[4]

Arlosoroff was not religiously observant. His precociousness and his strong national feelings as a Jew can be seen in a letter he wrote at age 17 to his German literature teacher: "I am a Jew, and I feel strong and proud of my Jewishness. I feel it in my bones that I am different from a German, and it would never occur to me to deny this…. My soul yearns for the unique, ancient Hebrew culture. But I also like German culture, and perhaps I am also afraid to admit how great my love for it is…Yet, Goethe and Schiller never really touched my heart closely." In 1919, Arlosoroff published the treatise "Jewish People's Socialism", his first major written contribution relating to a

Eretz Israel.[4] In his treatise, Arlosoroff distanced himself from traditional Marxist beliefs by advocating a new brand of socialism that embraced a national consciousness.[5] Arlosoroff's contention was that the Jewish people would only be able to preserve and revive their unique cultural identities within a Jewish national homeland.[6] Arlosoroff further professed, that through the establishment of "Jewish People's Socialism", Jews would be guaranteed public land ownership upon their return to Eretz Israel.[7] In accord with the visions of other socialist Zionists of his time, Arlosoroff believed that ancient Biblical agricultural traditions, such as the "Sabbath Year" and "Year of Jubilee", could be restored in modern practice alongside institutional parameters established for the new Jewish nation.[7] Arlosoroff's treatise accurately predicted a powerful resurgence of the Hebrew language would accompany the return of Jewish people to Eretz Israel.[8]

Arlosoroff first visited

Neve Shalom, a Jewish settlement adjacent to Tel Aviv and Jaffa.[9] These events shifted Arlosoroff's focus to the need for better relations between Jews and Arabs.[4] Following the riots, Arlosoroff called upon the Zionist establishment to no longer deny the reality of an Arab national movement existing in Eretz Israel.[10][11] However, Arlosoroff's plea was not widely accepted, and he received criticism from within the ranks of his own party, Hapoel Hatzair.[10] Arlosoroff would ultimately come to the position that strength-based compromise with neighboring Arabs would not weaken or undermine efforts to establish a Jewish national homeland.[12]

In the 1923

Zionist Action Committee. He was only 24 years old at the time.[4] Turning down a university position, he left Germany for the British Mandate of Palestine in 1924. In 1926 he was chosen to represent the yishuv at the League of Nations in Geneva.[4]

Arlosoroff's hope for peaceful cooperation and compromise with Arabs would be severely tested. In 1929, the consciously aggressive

Union of Revisionist Zionists, took part in a coalition to assertively enforce and enlarge a Jewish presence in the proximity of the Western Wall.[13] The activities of Betar and their associates inflamed an explosive reaction from the Arab community, in whose perception these activities had dishonoured the Muslim holy site on the adjacent Temple Mount. The violent Western Wall Uprisings of 1929 ensued, which resulted in the loss of many lives, including civilians.[13] Instead of inciting further Arab tensions, Arlosoroff strongly criticized the Revisionists for insensitively provoking the animosity.[13]

Political career

In 1930, Arlosoroff unified the two major Zionist socialist political parties, the

Jewish Agency for Palestine, a position he held until his 1933 assassination.[14]

As the Jewish Agency's Political Director, Arlosoroff first believed that the

Arthur Wauchope[16] and British Colonial Secretary Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister.[17]

Arlosoroff was a close friend of the Jewish scientist and statesman, Chaim Weizmann. Dr. Weizmann was considered to be among the most politically moderate of Arlosoroff's Mapai Zionist contemporaries.[18]

In the months leading up to his assassination, Arlosoroff's fervor to help establish a Jewish national homeland intensified. At a Mapai Labour Council meeting occurring in January 1933, Arlosoroff strongly clashed with David Ben-Gurion and other prominent Mapai leaders regarding whether or not the Zionists should work within the British government's infrastructure to help bring about Jewish statehood.[19] Arlosoroff warned his colleagues that if the Zionist movement maintained an isolationist policy with the British ruling authorities, Arab political influence would increase within the British Administration and cause the rights of Jewish people in Eretz Israel to suffer.[20]

Beni Sakhr
(sitting, left).

On April 8, 1933, Arlosoroff organized a historic event at the

Emir Abdullah, the ruler over large territories in Transjordan, who had taken a leading role in the conciliation efforts.[23] Jewish opposition to the King David Hotel meeting also became apparent as the major party of religious Zionism, Mizrachi, demanded that Arlosoroff should resign from his position at the Jewish Agency.[25] Some radicals in the Revisionist movement went even further and questioned Arlosoroff's right to be alive.[25]

As a result of

boycotts of German products.[28]
Immediately following an organized
Reich.[29]

Though Hitler hated Jewish people and wanted them expelled from Germany, in 1933 the Nazis were not willing to let a large number of Jewish refugees flee to the surrounding nations. This was because Reich officials were concerned that fleeing Jewish refugees would lend large numbers to a growing international movement for the economic boycott of Nazi Germany.[26] Adding to Hitler's worries, German financial advisers warned the Nazi government that a mass exodus of Jewish laborers from the German workforce would badly damage Germany's economic stability.[26] The Nazis needed a convenient solution to rid themselves of Jews without a political or economic backlash.[17]

In 1933, Arlosoroff and German Reich officials viewed the British Mandate of Palestine as a land of opportunity for very different reasons. In the eyes of the Nazi leadership, the remote British-controlled territory appeared to be a "dumping-ground" suitable to isolate thousands of anti-Hitler Jewish refugees from the world's political arena.[17] In addition, a financial agreement with Zionist leaders for the transfer of the refugees would help bolster a German economy adversely affected by anti-Nazi boycotts.[30] For Arlosoroff and other Zionists, however, the potential mass transfer of Germany's Jews along with their assets to Eretz Israel presented a historic opportunity to help guarantee the future establishment of a Jewish nation in Mandatory Palestine.[17]

Arlosoroff came to feel that the British could not be trusted and that the Jews must risk angering them in order to rebuild their own homeland and save the Jews of Europe from the nationalist and authoritarian regimes under which they lived, especially in Nazi Germany.

In his efforts to help Jews escape the tyranny of Hitler, Arlosoroff would face staunch opposition from the Revisionist ranks within his own Zionist movement. Though Mapai Labour leaders attempted to prepare the way for an agreement with Germany by mitigating anti-Nazi sentiment within Zionist circles, prominent Revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky steadfastly opposed them. In a radio broadcast on April 28, 1933, Jabotinsky strongly condemned any possible pact between Zionism and Hitler.[31] Jabotinsky upheld in his radio address the Revisionist platform for an international economic boycott on German exports, suggesting in addition that the British Mandate of Palestine should assume the lead in the boycott efforts.[32]

Ha'avara agreement

At this point, Haim Arlosoroff visited Nazi Germany to negotiate the controversial

Ha'avara Agreement. It allowed for the emigration of Jews to Palestine along with most of their property. The Germans were happy to get rid of Jews but unwilling to allow them to take their property with them. Via the agreement, the Jews had to put their money into a special bank account. This money was then used to purchase German goods for export to Palestine (and other countries). The proceeds of the sale of these goods were given to the Jews on their arrival in Palestine. For the Nazis, this helped them get rid of Jews but overcame any attempts at a boycott of German exports (especially from a moral point of view since it was the Jews themselves importing the goods). For the Zionist settlement, the influx of capital gave a much-needed economic boom in the midst of worldwide depression
.

Approximately a year after Arlosoroff and German officials formalized the Ha'avara Agreement, a substantial economic reaction began to take place in Eretz Israel. As a result, many new Jewish immigrants came to dwell in the Holy Land.[33] Prior to the Ha'avara Agreement, only several thousand Jewish workers had been immigrating to the British Mandate of Palestine on a yearly basis. After the agreement was signed, however, over 50,000 new Jewish workers made the British Mandate of Palestine their home within two years.[33] The Ha'avara Agreement's initial impact on Jewish immigration would be widespread, as an approximate 20% of the first 50,000 new Jewish immigrants in Eretz Israel came from Germany.[33] By 1936, just three years after the Ha'avara Agreement became effective, the population of Jewish people within the British Mandate of Palestine had doubled in size.[34]

Over a period of time, some of Hitler's elite Nazi entourage, including Adolf Eichmann, began to deeply regret Germany's participation in the Ha'avara Agreement.[34]

Ultimately, over 60,000 German Jews escaped persecution by the Nazis directly or indirectly through the Ha'avara Agreement.[35] In addition, the Ha'avara Agreement transferred an approximate $100 million to the British Mandate of Palestine, which helped establish an industrial infrastructure for the soon to be Jewish nation. Ha'avara Agreement funds were also used for the purchase of land and the development of many new Jewish settlements that now help define the current boundaries of Israel.[35]

Assassination

The Arlosoroff memorial, at the location of his murder, on Tel Aviv Promenade.
Main article: Assassination of Haim Arlosoroff

On 16 June 1933, just two days after his return from negotiations in Germany, Haim Arlosoroff was murdered.[36] He was killed while walking with his wife, Sima, on a beach in Tel Aviv. Arlosoroff's funeral was the largest in the history of Mandatory Palestine, with an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 mourners.[37] The death of Arlosoroff greatly aggravated political relations within the Zionist movement.[38]

fascist tendencies,[39] the Brit HaBirionim, was charged by the Palestine Police Force with plotting the assassination. Ahimeir was also a leader of the nationalist Zionist Revisionist faction whose publication, "Hazit HaAm"[40] continuously attacked the Labor movement and Zionist leaders, including Arlosoroff, calling him names and stating that the Jewish people "will know how to react to such villains".[41] Two rank-and-file Revisionists, Abraham Stavsky
and Ze'evi Rosenblatt, were arrested as the actual murderers and were identified by Arlosoroff's widow. All three vehemently denied the accusation.

The district court acquitted Ahimeir and Rosenblatt but convicted Stavsky, who was eventually acquitted by the Supreme Court for lack of corroborating evidence, as the law then required.[37] The defense accused the police of manipulating the widow's testimony and other evidence for political reasons, and expounded the theory that the murder was connected to an intended sexual attack on Sima Arlosoroff by two young Arabs. Stavsky later rose within Irgun ranks and was responsible for the procurement of the Irgun arms vessel known as the "Altalena." He was killed in the attack on the ship by the newly established Israel Defense Forces on the Beach of Tel Aviv.

Arlosoroff's grave in Trumpeldor Cemetery, Tel Aviv

In addition to theories that people connected to the revisionist movement were the perpetrators of the murder, or that it was an intended sexual attack by two Arabs, there are theories connecting it to the Soviet and Nazi regimes. The Soviet theory was promoted by Shmuel Dothan in 1991 to counter what the Russians considered as a global military plot against them.[42]

Some 50 years after the murder, following the publication of a book on the assassination by Shabtai Teveth in 1982,[43] the Israeli government, now led by Menachem Begin, established a formal investigative committee. As the first Israeli Prime Minister elected from the Revisionist movement, Begin had taken offense at a suggestion in Teveth's book that a Revisionist acquitted in court for Arlosoroff's murder may have actually been responsible after all.[44]

Legacy and commemoration

Haim Arlosoroff (right) aground off Bat Galim, Palestine
in 1947

Arlosoroff is buried at the

kibutz and Kfar Haim, a moshav
.

An 8-foot tall bronze monument dedicated to the legacy of Dr. Chaim Arlosoroff has been erected at the Tel Aviv shoreline promenade where he was fatally wounded.[46]

The name of Haim Arlosoroff was also used for a ship carrying

USCGC Unalga (WPG-53). On 27 February 1947, the Haim Arlosoroff (1,378 passengers from Sweden and Italy) was intercepted by Royal Navy destroyer HMS Chieftain, and the passengers put up fierce resistance. The ship ran aground at Bat Galim south of Haifa, just opposite a British Army camp. The crew and passengers were arrested and deported to Cyprus.[47][48]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Avineri 1990, p. 5.
  2. ^ a b Avineri 1990, p. 6.
  3. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 6-9.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Avineri 1990, p. 9.
  5. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 17-18.
  6. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 22.
  7. ^ a b Avineri 1990, p. 30-31.
  8. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 33-36.
  9. ^ Cohen 1970, p. 243.
  10. ^ a b Cohen 1970, p. 244.
  11. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 65.
  12. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 64-65.
  13. ^ a b c Avineri 1990, p. 66-67.
  14. ^ a b Avineri 1990, p. 10.
  15. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 78.
  16. ^ Black 1984, p. 96.
  17. ^ a b c d Black 1984, p. 98.
  18. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 91.
  19. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 82-83.
  20. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 89-90.
  21. ^ a b Cohen 1970, p. 252.
  22. ^ Black 1984, p. 95.
  23. ^ a b Black 1984, p. 145.
  24. ^ Cohen 1970, p. 254-255.
  25. ^ a b Black 1984, p. 146.
  26. ^ a b c Black 1984, p. 97.
  27. ^ Black 1984, pp. 97–98.
  28. ^ Black 1984, pp. 104–105.
  29. ^ Amkraut 2006, p. 43.
  30. ^ Black 1984, pp. 131–132.
  31. ^ Black 1984, pp. 143–144.
  32. ^ Black 1984, p. 144.
  33. ^ a b c Black 1984, p. 373.
  34. ^ a b Black 1984, p. 375.
  35. ^ a b Black 1984, p. 379.
  36. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 1.
  37. ^ a b Black 1984, p. 157.
  38. ^ Black 1984, pp. 157–158.
  39. ^ Ben-Yehuda 1995, p. 139.
  40. ^ Black 1984, p. 149.
  41. ^ Black 1984, p. 151.
  42. ^ Ben-Yehuda 1993, pp. 140–143.
  43. ^ Teveth, Shabtai (1982). Rezach Arlosoroff (in Hebrew). Schocken.
  44. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 3.
  45. ^ Avineri 1990, p. 2.
  46. ^ "Arlosoroff memorial". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
  47. ^ Unalga 1912, Cutters, Craft & U.S. Coast Guard-Manned Army & Navy Vessels, U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office
  48. ^ Eliav, Arie L. The Voyage of the Ulua. Funk & Wagnalls.

Bibliography

External links

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