Jaffa
Jaffa (
The city of Jaffa is associated with the 1192
As an Arab majority city in the Ottoman era, Jaffa became known starting from the 19th century for its expansive orchards and fruits, including its namesake
Etymology
The town was mentioned in
History
Ancient Jaffa was built on a 40 metres (130 ft) high ridge, with a broad view of the coastline, giving it a strategic importance in military history.[5] The tell of Jaffa, created through the accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries, made the hill even higher.
Bronze Age
The city as such was established at the latest around 1800 BCE.[6]
Jaffa is mentioned in an
The city is also mentioned in the Amarna letters under its Egyptian name Ya-Pho (Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33).
Iron Age
The city was under Egyptian rule until around 1200 BCE.[7]: 270–271
- Biblical narrative
In the Hebrew Bible, Jaffa is depicted as the northernmost Philistine city, bordering the Israelite territories – more specifically those of Tribe of Dan (hence the modern term "Gush Dan" for the center of the coastal plain). The Israelites did not manage to take Jaffa from the Philistines.[8]
Jaffa is mentioned four times in the
Classical antiquity
In the late 8th century BC, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, recorded conquering Jaffa from its sovereign, the Philistine king of Ashkelon.[8]
After a period of
During the
During the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and Byzantine locality, which only in the 5th century became a bishopric.[11] A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known.[12][13]
- Religious narratives
This section uses secondary sources that critically analyze them.(January 2024) ) |
The
In
Middle Ages
Early Islamic period
In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla, then the provincial capital.
Crusader/Ayyubid period
Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the First Crusade, and was the centre of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. One of its counts, John of Ibelin, wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[citation needed]
Saladin conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on 10 September 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in the July 1192 Battle of Jaffa, the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies.
In 1229, Frederick II signed a ten-year truce in a new Treaty of Jaffa. He fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah."[15]
Mamluk period
In March 1268,
Ottoman period
16th-18th centuries
In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottoman sultan Selim I.[20]
In the
The traveller
The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to Ramla and Lod, where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.[23]
Napoleon (1799)
On 7 March 1799, Napoleon captured the town in what became known as the Siege of Jaffa, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.[24] Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Jacques-François Miot described it thus:
On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.[24]
Many more died in an epidemic of bubonic plague that broke out soon afterwards.[25]
19th century
Residential life in the city was reestablished in the early 19th century.[
In 1820, Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to their four holy cities - Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and Safed. This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of the Jews"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by Muhammad Ali of Egypt.[citation needed]
By 1839, at least 153
American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that the town had a population of "about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems".[29][30]
The city walls were torn down during the 1870s, allowing the city to expand.[31]
1900-1914
By the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of Jews left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit, but an assembly of its residents changed its name to
In 1904, rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935) moved to Ottoman Palestine and took up the position of Chief Rabbi of Jaffa.[32]
Late Ottoman-period economy
In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s.
In 1859, a Jewish visitor, L.A. Frankl, found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.'[34]
Late Ottoman agriculture; Jaffa oranges
Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews.[35] From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep.[36][37]
Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'.
Developed the mid-19th century, the Jaffa orange was first produced for export in the city after being developed by Arab farmers.
The Jaffa orange emerged as a mutation on a tree of the 'Baladi' variety of
The prosperity of the orange industry brought increased European interest and involvement in the development of Jaffa. In 1902, a study of the growth of the orange industry by
First World War
In 1917, the
During the course of their
British Mandate
-
Jaffa 1929 1:20,000
-
Jaffa 1943 1:20,000
-
Jaffa 1945 1:250,000
1920s: conflict and development
According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jaffa had a population of 47,799, consisting of 20,699 Muslims, 20,152 Jews and 6,850 Christians,[49] increasing to 51,866 in the 1931 census, residing in 11,304 houses.[50]
During the British Mandate, tension between the Jewish and Arab population increased. A wave of Arab attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in Tel Aviv, initially a marginal Jewish neighborhood north of Jaffa. The Jaffa riots in 1921, (known in Hebrew as Meoraot Tarpa) began with a May Day parade that turned violent. Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings killing 47 Jews and wounding 146.[51] The Hebrew author Yosef Haim Brenner was killed in the riots.[52] At the end of 1922, Tel Aviv had 15,000 residents: by 1927, the population had risen to 38,000.
Still, during most of the 1920s Jaffa and Tel Aviv maintained peaceful co-existence. Most Jewish businesses were located in Jaffa, some Jewish neighbourhoods paid taxes to the municipality of Jaffa, many young Jews who could not afford the housing costs of Tel Aviv resided there, and the big neighbourhood of
1930s: Arab revolt (1936–39)
The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine severely impacted Jaffa. On 19 April 1936, riots broke out in Jaffa after rumors spread among the local Arab community that Jews had started to kill Arabs; Arab rioters attacked Jewish targets for three days before British security forces quelled the rioting. 9 Jews and 2 Arabs were killed and dozens more were wounded.[54] In response to the riots, Arab leadership in Palestine declared a general strike, which began in the Jaffa Port and quickly spread to the rest of the region.[55] After the start of the general strike, British troops stationed in Palestine were bolstered by reinforcements from Malta and Egypt to subdue rioting which had broken out in several major Palestinian cities. Arab rioters in Jaffa used the Old City, which contained a maze of homes, winding alleyways and an underground sewer system, to escape arrest by British security forces.[55]
Beginning in May 1936, in response to further Arab unrest in Jaffa, the British authorities suspended municipal services in the city, establishing barricades around the Old City and covering access roads with glass shards and nails.[55] On June of that year, Royal Air Force bombers dropped boxes of leaflets in Arabic on Jaffa, requesting the city's inhabitants to evacuate that same day.[55] In June 15, the Royal Engineers used gelignite charges to demolish between 220 and 240 Arab-owned homes in the Old City, leaving an open strip which cut through the center of Jaffa from end to end and displacing approximately 6,000 Arabs.[56] On the evening of 17 June, 1,500 British troops entered Jaffa and a Royal Navy warship moved near the Jaffa Port to seal off escape routes by sea. On 29 June, British forces carried out another round of house demolitions, carving a swath from north to south.[55]
The British authorities claimed that house demolitions in Jaffa were part of a "facelift" given to the Old City.[55] Local Arab newspapers resorted to using sarcasm to describe the demolitions, writing that the British had "beautified" Jaffa using boxes of gelignite.[56] Sir Michael McDonnell, then serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Palestine, found in favor of Arab petitions from Jaffa and, upholding existing laws regarding house demolitions, ruled against the demolitions carried out by British forces in the Old City. In response, the Colonial Office dismissed him from his post.[57] The report produced by the Peel Commission in 1937 recommended that Jaffa, together with Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Lydda and Ramle, remain under permanent British control, forming a "corridor" from the sea port to the Holy Places, accessible to Arabs and Jews alike; whereas the rest of Mandatory Palestine was to be split between an Arab state and a Jewish state.[58]
1940-47: WWII; frictions
In 1945, the Jewish community of Jaffa complained to the city mayor
1947-48: partition plan and armed conflict
In 1947, the UN Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Jaffa be included in the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as an
Following the inter-communal violence which broke out following the passing of the UN partition resolution, the mayors of Jaffa and Tel Aviv tried to calm their communities.[64] One of the main concerns for the people of Jaffa was the protection of the citrus fruit export trade which had still not reached its pre-Second World War highs.[65] Eventually the bilateral orange-picking and exporting of both sides continued although without a formal agreement.[66]
At the beginning of 1948 Jaffa's defenders consisted of one company of around 400 men organised by the Muslim Brotherhood, almost none of them Palestinian Arabs (the "Arab Brigade"), and the local Arab irregulars of the National Guard.[67] As in Haifa, the irregulars intimidated the local population.[66]
On 4 January 1948, the
In February Jaffa's Mayor, Yousef Haikal, contacted David Ben-Gurion through a British intermediary trying to secure a peace agreement with Tel Aviv, but the commander of the Arab militia in Jaffa opposed it.[66][69]
On 25 April 1948, the Irgun launched an offensive on Jaffa. This began with a mortar bombardment which went on for three days during which twenty tons of high explosive were fired into the town.[70][71] On 27 April the British Government, fearing a repetition of the mass exodus from Haifa the week before, ordered the British Army to confront the Irgun and their offensive ended. Simultaneously the Haganah had launched Operation Hametz, which overran the villages east of Jaffa and cut the town off from the interior.[72] On 29 April, the Irgun commander for the Tel-Aviv & Jaffa district, Eliyahu Tamler, was killed by a British shell.[73]
The fall of Haifa a few days earlier, and fear of another massacre similar to Irgun's Deir Yassin massacre, caused panic across the Arabs of Jaffa, leading most of them to flee.[74] The population of Jaffa on the eve of the attack was between 50,000 and 60,000, with some 20,000 people having already left the town.[70] By 30 April, there were 15,000–25,000 remaining.[72][75] In the following days a further 10,000–20,000 people fled by sea. When the Haganah took control of the town on 14 May around 4,000 people were left.[76] The town and harbour's warehouses were extensively looted.[77][78] The displacement of Jaffa's Arab population was part of the larger 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.
The city surrendered to the Haganah on 14 May 1948 and shortly after the British police and army left the city.[79] The 3,800 Arabs who remained in Jaffa after the exodus were concentrated in the
State of Israel
Gradual annexation into Tel Aviv
The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948.[82] The former wished to incorporate only the well-off Jewish suburbs in the north of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.[82] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.[82] An alternative proposal, merging Bat Yam and Holon into Jaffa to form a bigger city south of Tel Aviv, was rejected on financial grounds, as the two small Jewish settlements lacked the funds necessary to sustain Jaffa.[81]
On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs of Maccabi (
The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 16 June 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor
The land which had formerly belonged to Jaffa municipality, and was annexed into Tel Aviv, includes the neighbourhoods of Manshiya, Florentin, Giv'at Herzl, and Shapira; and such landmarks as Charles Clore Park, Hassan Bek Mosque, Carmel Market, the former Jaffa railway station, and the new Tel Aviv central bus station. On the other hand, Jaffa boundaries were expanded to the southeast, incorporating Gaon Stadium and the new neighbourhoods of Neve Ofer, Jaffa Gimel and Jaffa Dalet.[86] Other former Arab villages incorporated into Tel Aviv–Jaffa include Al-Mas'udiyya, annexed on 20 December 1942,[87] in the New North; Jarisha, annexed on 25 November 1943,[88] on the southern bank of Yarkon River; Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi, annexed on 31 March 1948,[89] and since 1957 redeveloped into Bavli neighbourhood; and Al-Shaykh Muwannis, annexed on 25 February 1949,[82] and since 1955 redeveloped into Tel Aviv University main campus.
- Streets renamed
After the Jewish takeover, all pre-existing street names in Jaffa were abolished, and replaced with numeric identifiers. By 1954, only the four main streets had proper names: Jerusalem (former
The road passing between Florentin and Neve Tzedek neighbourhoods was until 1948 named Tel Aviv Road, being the main thoroughfare between the two city centres. After the annexation of Florentin into Tel Aviv, it became an internal road in Tel Aviv, so its name no longer made sense. Thus the section lying within the new Tel Aviv boundaries was renamed into Jaffa Road; and the section which became the new Tel Aviv–Jaffa boundary, into Eilat Street.
Salama Road, a main eastwards road from Jaffa towards the depopulated village of
Arabic street names were eventually replaced with Hebrew ones, e.g. Al-Kutub Street was renamed Resh Galuta Street, Abu Ubeyda Street was renamed She’erit Yisra’el Street, and Al-Salahi Street was renamed Olei Zion Street.[93] This practice has been criticized by residents of affected Arabic neighborhoods, who deem the names inappropriate (for example, a street named after Rabbi Simcha Bunim of Peshischa was called a "local laughingstock" by Tel Aviv-Jaffa city councillor Ahmed Belha;[94] and a street where the Al Siksik Mosque is located was renamed Beit Eshel Street, after a short-lived Jewish settlement in what is now Beersheba[95]) and demand a return to Arabic names.
Urban development
From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and Hassan Bek Mosque, and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the
Demography
Modern Jaffa has a
Landmarks
Sights and museums
The Clock Square with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The Saraya (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.[102][failed verification] Andromeda rock is the rock to which beautiful Andromeda was chained in Greek mythology.[103] The Zodiac alleys are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. Jaffa Hill is a center for archaeological finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. Jaffa Lighthouse is an inactive lighthouse located in the old port.
The Jaffa Museum of Antiquities is located in an 18th-century Ottoman building constructed on the remains of a Crusader fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it into his seat of government. In the late 19th century, the governmental moved to the "New Saraya," and the building was sold to a wealthy Greek-Orthodox family who established a soap factory there. Since 1961, it has housed an archaeological museum,[104] which is currently closed to the general public.[105]
The Libyan Synagogue (Beit Zunana) was a synagogue built by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. It was turned into a hotel and then a soap factory, and reopened as a synagogue for Libyan Jewish immigrants after 1948. In 1995, it became a museum.
Other museums and galleries in the area include the
Churches and monasteries
The
is believed to have stayed there.The Saint Nicholas Armenian Monastery was built in the 17th century.[107]
Mosques
Al-Bahr Mosque, lit. the Sea Mosque, overlooking the harbour, is depicted in a painting from 1675 by the Dutch painter Cornelis de Bruijn.[108][109] It may be Jaffa's oldest existing mosque. Built originally in 1675,[110] changes to the structure have been made since then, such as the addition of a second floor and reconstruction of the upper part of the minaret. It was used by fishermen and sailors frequenting the port, and residents of the surrounding area. According to local legend, the wives of sailors living in Jaffa prayed there for the safe return of their husbands. The mosque was renovated in 1997.[citation needed]
Mahmoudia Mosque was built in 1812 by Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa from 1810 to 1820.[111] Outside the mosque is a water fountain (sabil) for pilgrims.[112]
Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque today.
Archaeology
The majority of excavations in Jaffa are salvage in nature and are conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority since the 1990s. Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street, for example, in the flea market have revealed walls and water conduits dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Early Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman periods. A limestone slab (50 cm × 50 cm or 20 in × 20 in) engraved with a
Additional efforts to conduct research excavations at that site included those of B. J. Isserlin (1950),
In December 2020, archaeologists from the Antiquities Authority (IAA) revealed a 3,800-year-old jar containing the badly preserved remains of a baby dates back to the Middle Bronze Age.[114]
"There's always the interpretation that the jar is almost like a womb, so basically the idea is to return [the] baby back into Mother Earth, or into the symbolic protection of his mother”, said archaeologist Alfredo Mederos Martin.[115]
Researchers also covered the remains of at least two horses and pottery dated to the late Ottoman Empire, 232 seashells, 30 Hellenistic coins, 95 glass vessel fragments from the Roman and Crusader periods 14 5th-century BC rock-carved burials featuring lamps.[116][117]
Education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015) |
Collège des Frères de Jaffa is a French international school.
Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the Church of Scotland. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.[118]
Local governance, politics
Administratively, Jaffa constitutes Borough 7 of the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, and is divided into four sub-boroughs and twelve neighborhoods.[119]
Compared to Tel Aviv-Yafo as a whole, votes for Arab parties are especially prevalent in Jaffa in national elections.[120] In the 2018 Tel Aviv-Jaffa city council election, the Yafa list, which represents the Arab population of Jaffa, received 28% of the vote in Jaffa, making it the most voted party there; the second place was taken by the Hadash-affiliated[121] We are the City list, with 14% of the vote.[122] Among Jewish political parties, right-wing parties such as Shas and Likud perform better in Jaffa relative to the municipality-wide results,[122] similarly to the working-class neighborhoods in southern Tel Aviv;[120] in particular, Shas received 12% of the vote in Jaffa in the 2018 city council elections, making it the third-most voted for party in Jaffa.[122]
Socioeconomic and political problems
Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence.[citation needed] Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the Amidar government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.[123]
Transportation
Ottoman station, now leisure venue
Bus and tramway (light rail)
Jaffa is served by the Dan Bus Company, which operates buses to various neighborhoods of Tel Aviv and Bat Yam.
The
Railway
Of the current stations in the Israel Railways network, the Holon Junction and Holon–Wolfson railway stations sit on the boundary between Jaffa and Holon, while Tel Aviv HaHagana is in Tel Aviv proper, slightly to the east of Jaffa.
In popular culture
The Knight Of Jaffa is the second episode of the
Notable residents
- Asma Agbarieh (born 1974), Israeli Arab journalist and political activist
- Hanan Al-Agha (1948–2008), Palestinian plastic artist
- Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970), Nobel Prize-winning author
- Dahn Ben-Amotz(1924–1989), radio broadcaster and author
- Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1884–1963), historian, Labor Zionist leader, and President of Israel
- Benny Hinn (born 1953), TV evangelist and preacher
- Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche (1870–1934), one of the founders of Tel Aviv; businessman
- Joseph Constant (1892–1969), sculptor and writer
- Ismail al-Faruqi (1921–1986), Palestinian-American philosopher
- Lea Gottlieb (1918–2012), Israeli founder and fashion designer of Gottex
- Ibtisam Mara'ana (born 1975), Arab-Israeli filmmaker and member of the Knesset
- Victor Norris Hamilton (born c. 1919), Palestinian-born American cryptologist
- J. E. Hanauer (1850–1938), author, photographer, and Canon of St George's Church
- Hilmi Hanoun (1913–2001), writer and politician
- Yizhar Harari (1908–1978), Zionist activist and Israeli politician
- Haim Hazan (1937–1994), Israeli basketball player
- Zeev Hershkowitz, former Israeli footballer
- Nadia Hilou (1953–2015), Arab-Israeli politician
- Pinhas Hozez (born 1957), Israeli basketball player
- Issa El-Issa (1878–1950), Palestinian journalist
- Daoud El-Issa (1903–1983), Palestinian journalist
- Yousef El-Issa (1870–1948), Palestinian journalist
- Raja El-Issa (1922–2008), Palestinian journalist
- Michel Loève (1907–1979), probabilist and mathematical statistician
- Haim Ramon (born 1950), Israeli politician
- Sasha Roiz (born 1973), Canadian actor
- Yoav Saffar (born 1975), Israeli basketball player
- Yosef Sapir (1902–1972), Israeli politician
- Haim Starkman (born 1944), Israeli basketball player
- Rifaat Turk (born 1954), Arab-Israeli football player and manager, and deputy mayor of Tel Aviv
See also
References
- ^ Lior, Ilan (28 February 2011). "Tel Aviv to build affordable housing for Jaffa's Arab residents". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ One example of this legend is the 16th-century French pilgrim Denis Possot who recorded, "Jaffe, est le port de la Terre saincte, anciennement nommé Joppe, faict et construict premierment en ville et cité grande à merveilles et de grant renom, par Japhet, fils de Noé." in his Le Voyage de la Terre Sainte (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints 1971, reprint of Paris edition, 1890, orig. 1532), p. 155.
- ^ Another pilgrim, Sir Richard of Guylforde, wrote,"This Jaffe was sometyme a grete Cytie [...] and it was one of the firste Cyties of the worlde founded by Japheth, Noes sone, and beryth yet his name." In the pilgrimage narrative from 1506, recorded by his chaplain in 1511, edited by Sir Henry Ellis (London: Camden Society, 1851), p. 16.
- ^ a b c le Strange, 1890, pp. 550-551
- ^ Stacey Jennifer Miller, The Lion Temple of Jaffa: Archaeological Investigations of the Late Bronze Age Egyptian Occupation in Canaan. BA thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012
- ^
Late Bronze
Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker, The Egyptian Fortress in Jaffa, Popular Archaeology, 3 March 2013
- ^ ISSN 1057-2414.
- ^ S2CID 163534665. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ Strabo, Geographica, 16.2.28
- (15.331)
- ^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, III, 627.
- ^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, III, 625–30, 1291; Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, Munich, I, 297; II, 186.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, [1]
- ^ Rabbi Joseph Schwarz, Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine, archived from the original on 21 June 2011, retrieved 31 May 2011
- ^ Lorenzi, Rossella (15 November 2011), First Arabic Crusader Inscription Found, Discovery News, archived from the original on 1 May 2012, retrieved 23 November 2011
- ^ "Who Were the Mamluks? | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-135-95501-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-136-57924-0.
- ^ Cytryn-Silverman, Katia (15 December 2010). "The Mamluk Minarets of Ramla". Bulletin du Centre de Recherche Français À Jérusalem (21). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 151
- ^ Gotthard Deutsch and M. Franco (1903). "Jaffa". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Joannes Cotovicus (1619). Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum. Antwerp: apud Hieronymum Verdussium. p. 135.
- ^ Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 275
- ^ .
- ^ Jaffa: a City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 8–9
- ^ Thomson, page 515.
- ^ The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore, retrieved 31 May 2011
- ^ Friedman, Lior (5 April 2009). "The mountain of despair". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches — notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. Page 97. See also Miller's populations of Damascus, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nablus and Samaria
- ^ Thompson (above) writing in 1856 has '25 years ago the inhabitants of the city and gardens were about 6000; now there must be 15,000 at least...' Considering the length of time he lived in the area this may be a more accurate count.
- ^ Jaffa, an Historical Survey Archived 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Written with the assistance of Tzvi Shacham, the curator of the Antiquities Museum of Tel Aviv–Jaffa
- ^ Rav Hillel Rachmani. "Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ a b c Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 256–257.
- ^ Dr Frankl, translated by P. Beaton, 'The Jews in the East'. Volume 1. Hurst and Blackett, London, 1859. Page 345. He adds 'The community is poor, and receives no alms from any quarter.' which resulted in some envy of the 'our bethren' in Jerusalem.
- ^ Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 244–246.
- ^ Thompson, page 517.
- ^ Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, p.262.
- ^ Miller, page 97: 'The orange gardens are the finest in the East; and during the late winter and early spring, little white sailed vessels from Greece, Constantinople and the islands of the Archipelago, lie in calm weather at a short distance from the coast, waiting to carry away the fruit'.
- ^ Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 242.
- ^ Thomson p.517: Sidon has best bananas, Jaffa the best pomegranates, oranges of Sidon are more juicy and have richer flavour. Jaffa oranges hang on the trees much later, and will bear shipping to distant regions.'
- ^ a b c Issawi, 2006, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Basan, 2007, p. 83.
- ^ Ladaniya, 2008, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Krämer, 2008, p. 91.
- ^ Gerber, 1982.
- ^ LeVine, 2005, p. 272.
- ^ LeVine, 2005, p. 34.
- ^ Friedman, Isaiah (1971). "German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv"", 1917, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.
- ^ Barron, 1923, p.6
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 13
- ^ Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the disturbances in the British Mandate of Palestine in May 1921, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.
- ^ Honig, Sarah (30 April 2009). "Another Tack: The May Day Massacre of 1921".
- ^ Ronen Shamir (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press
- ^ Viton, Albert (3 June 1936). "Why Arabs Kill Jews". The Nation. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f The Land That Become Israel: Studies in Historical Geography, ed. Ruth Kark, Yale University Press & Magnes Press, 1989, "Aerial Perspectives of Past Landscapes," Dov Gavish, pp. 316–317
- ^ English Historical ReviewVol. CXXIV No. 507 pp.323–354 pp.322.323.
- ^ Matthew Hughes, Britain’s Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936– 1939, Cambridge University Press2019 p.36.
- ^ Peel Report, quote: "Jaffa is an essentially Arab town in which the Jewish minority has recently been dwindling. We suggest that it should form part of the Arab State. The question of its communication with the latter presents no difficulty, since transit through the Jaffa-Jerusalem Corridor would be open to all. The Corridor, on the other hand, requires its own access to the sea, and for this purpose a narrow belt of land should be acquired and cleared on the north and south sides of the town. This would also solve the problem, sometimes said to be insoluble, created by the contiguity of Jaffa with Tel Aviv to the north and the nascent Jewish town [Bat Yam] to the south. If necessary, Mandatory police could be stationed on this belt. This arrangement may seem artificial, but it is clearly practicable."
- ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 27
- ^ "שכונות יפו חוזרות ודורשות: סיפוח! העבודות בשכונה נמסרות ,למציע הזול ביותר" | הבקר | 13 יולי 1945 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "סיפוח מהיר לתל־אביב תובעים תושבי שני יפו | הבקר | 10 אפריל 1947 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "השכונות היהודיות של יפו דורשות סיפוח מידי לתל־אביב | הארץ | 5 אוגוסט 1943 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ A/RES/181(II)(A+B), Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine (UN Partition Plan details), United Nations General Assembly, 29 November 1947, archived from the original on 16 April 2013,
The area of the Arab enclave of Jaffa consists of that part of the town-planning area of Jaffa which lies to the west of the Jewish quarters lying south of Tel-Aviv, to the west of the continuation of Herzl street up to its junction with the Jaffa-Jerusalem road, to the south-west of the section of the Jaffa-Jerusalem road lying south-east of that junction, to the west of Miqve Israel lands, to the north-west of Holon local council area, to the north of the line linking up the north-west corner of Holon with the north-east corner of Bat Yam local council area and to the north of Bat Yam local council area. The question of Karton quarter will be decided by the Boundary Commission, bearing in mind among other considerations the desirability of including the smallest possible number of its Arab inhabitants and the largest possible number of its Jewish inhabitants in the Jewish State.
- OCLC 266413.
In an exchange of letters between Mayor Yisrael Rokach of Tel Aviv and Mayor Youssef Haikal of Jaffa, both agreed to call upon the residents to maintain peace and quiet.
- ISBN 0-88728-211-3. Page 474: Exports of citrus fruit total value in Palestine Pounds, 1938/39 = P£4,355,853. 1944/45 = P£1,474,854. Ironically, due to the Nazi conquest of the Netherlands, Tel Aviv's trade in polished diamonds had increased over three-fold to P£3,235,117. Page 476
- ^ Nimr al Khatib. (p. 115) But Arab notables, through British intermediaries, continued to press for a wider citrus agreement. ... In the end, a formal agreement was never concluded. But neither was a complete blockade imposed on Jaffa, and the bilateral orange-picking and -exporting continued largely unhampered.
- ^ Pritzke, Herbert (1956). Bedouin Doctor — The adventures of a German in the Middle East. Translated by Richard Graves. Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1957), copyright Ullstein and Co, Vienna (1956). Page 149: "At that time the Arab Brigade in Jaffa consisted of seven Germans, one hundred and fifty Jugoslavs, thirty Egyptians and two hundred Lebanese and Syrians. There were very few Arabs among them as these preferred irregular warfare with the National Guard ..."
- ^ Radai, Itamar (2016). Palestinians in Jerusalem and Jaffa, 1948. Routledge. p. 140.
- ^ Morris 1987, p. 47.
- ^ a b Morris 1987, p. 95.
- ^ Menachem Begin, 'The Revolt — story of the Irgun'. Translated by Samuel Katz. Hadar Publishing, Tel Aviv. 1964. pp. 355–371.
- ^ a b Morris 1987, p. 100.
- ^ https://www.izkor.gov.il/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%20%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8/en_5d5ed699cd3ff5f16d392bda8c0731c9
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- ^ Begin, page 363.
- ^ Morris 1987, p. 101, "On 18 May Ben-Gurion visited the conquered city for the first time and commented:"I couldn't understand: Why did the inhabitants of Jaffa leave?"
- ^ Jon Kimche, 'Seven Falen Pillars; The Middle East, 1915–1950'. Secker and Warburg, London. 1950. Page 224 :'the orgy of looting and wanton destruction which hangs like a black pall over almost all the Jewish military successes.'
- ^ Karpel, Dalia (14 February 2008). "Wellsprings of memory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009.
- ISBN 965-517-190-6, p.104
- .
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- ^ a b c d e f g h Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv–Yafo's municipal boundaries, Planning Perspectives, vol. 10, pp. 383–398.
- ^ "סיפוח יפו לת"־חוק א | הארץ | 14 יוני 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "ממון התקציב דוחה את סיפוח יפו לת"א | הצפה | 13 פברואר 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "fliiiwR'^ ,; ל _w וול _! 1 _! _^ , | הצפה | 5 אוקטובר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "דו"ת ועדת הגבולות | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 15 ינואר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "תליאביב גדלה־ ב6300 דונם | הארץ | 28 דצמבר 1942 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "הוכפל שטחה של תל־_&ביב | הצפה | 30 נובמבר 1943 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "שכתות־הספר של תל־אביב | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 15 דצמבר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "יפו בשנת תשיא | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 14 אוקטובר 1951 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ^ "Untitled | על המשמר | 3 ספטמבר 1954 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית".
- ISBN 9781107149472.
- ^ Esther Zandberg: Where the Streets Have No Arabic Name, a Group of Women Reminds Us of Palestinian History Haaretz, 20 January 2022.
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- ^ Areas to Visit (PDF), Tel Aviv Municipality, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2012, retrieved 18 December 2012,
Today, local fisherman still use the harbor and the main hangars of the port have been restored and include art galleries
- ^ Ashley (20 September 2012), Jaffa Flea Market: a Place to Sharpen Those Haggling Skills!,
The Jaffa Flea Market [...] invites a younger, hipper crowd to inspect its newly added art galleries"
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- ^ Petersen, 2002, p. 166
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- ^ a b Haviv Rettig Gur, The 20th Knesset — parliament of a splintered, tribal Israel Archived 9 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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Bibliography
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- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
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External links
- Jaffa in 1880, SWP Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons Coordinates: East longitude, 34.45; North latitude, 32.3
- The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project
- Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com, archived from the original on 4 March 2016
- Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com, archived from the original on 28 March 2015
- Neff, Donald (April–May 1994). "Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 75.
- "JAFFA (Hebr. Yafo; A. V. Joppa; Greek, Joppe; Arabic, Yaffa)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
- Schaalje, Jacqueline (May 2001). "Jaffa". The Jewish Magazine.
- The Old City of Yafo (Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port), Common Ground
- "Jaffa". World Cities Images. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
- "Tel Aviv Virtual Tours – Clock Square Jaffa". 3Disrael.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2008. (no plugin needed)
- "Jaffa Old Harbour (photo gallery)". tel aviv 4 fun. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- Plan of Jaffa, 1:6,000, 1918. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.