Jaffa

In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla, then the provincial capital.

Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the First Crusade, and was the centre of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. One of its counts, John of Ibelin, wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.^{[citation needed]}

Saladin conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on 10 September 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in the July 1192 Battle of Jaffa, the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies.

In 1229, Frederick II signed a ten-year truce in a new Treaty of Jaffa. He fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah."^[29]

In March 1268,

In 1432, Bertrandon de la Broquière observed that Jaffa was in ruins, with only a few tents standing. He wrote: "At Jaffa, the pardons commence for pilgrims to the Holy Land ... at present, it is entirely destroyed, having only a few tents covered with reeds, where pilgrims seek shelter from the heat of the sun. The sea enters the town, forming a poor and shallow harbor: it is dangerous to remain there long for fear of being driven onshore by a gust of wind. When any pilgrims disembark there, interpreters and other officers of the sultan instantly hasten to ascertain their numbers, to serve them as guides, and to receive, in the name of their master, the customary tribute."^[34]

In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottoman sultan Selim I.^[35]

In the

The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to Ramla and Lod, where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.^[38]

On 7 March 1799, Napoleon captured the town in what became known as the Siege of Jaffa, breached its walls, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender.

Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.^[39] Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Jacques-François Miot described it thus:

On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the southwest of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.^[39]

Many more died in an epidemic of bubonic plague that broke out soon afterwards.^[40]

Félix Bonfils, 1867–1870

In 1820, Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to their four holy cities - Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and Safed. This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of the Jews"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by Muhammad Ali of Egypt.^{[citation needed]}

By 1839, at least 153

Messianics did in order to pave wave for the Second Coming of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist Moses Montefiore bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.^[43]

American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that the town had a population of "about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems".^[44][45]

The city walls were torn down during the 1870s, allowing the city to expand.^[46]

1900–1914

By the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of Jews left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit, but an assembly of its residents changed its name to

the Great War.^{[citation needed}

]

In 1904, rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935) moved to Ottoman Palestine and took up the position of Chief Rabbi of Jaffa.^[47]

Late Ottoman-period economy

See also: History of Palestinian journalism

In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s.

Templers that employed over 100 workers in 1910.^[48] Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink.^[48] Most of the newspapers and books printed in Ottoman Palestine were published in Jaffa

.

In 1859, a Jewish visitor, L.A. Frankl, found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.'^[49]

Late Ottoman agriculture; Jaffa oranges

Main article: Jaffa orange

Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews.^[50] From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep.^[51][52]

Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'.

Jaffa oranges", were the major crop, but citrons, lemons and mandarin oranges were also grown.^[54] Jaffa had a reputation for producing the best pomegranates.^[55]

Developed the mid-19th century, the Jaffa orange was first produced for export in the city after being developed by Arab farmers.

Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Southern Europe.^[57][58]

The Jaffa orange emerged as a mutation on a tree of the 'Baladi' variety of

sweet orange (C. sinensis) near the city of Jaffa.^[56][57] After the Crimean War (1853–56), the most important innovation in local agriculture was the rapid expansion of citrus cultivation.^[59] Foremost among the varieties cultivated was the Jaffa (Shamouti) orange, and mention of it being exported to Europe first appears in British consular reports in the 1850s.^[56][59] One factor cited in the growth of the export market was the development of steamships in the first half of the 19th century, which enabled the export of oranges to the European markets in days rather than weeks.^[60] Another reason cited for the growth of the industry was the relative lack of European control over the cultivation of oranges compared to cotton, formerly a primary commodity crop of Palestine, but outpaced by the Jaffa orange.^[61]

The prosperity of the orange industry brought increased European interest and involvement in the development of Jaffa. In 1902, a study of the growth of the orange industry by

Zionist officials outlined the different Palestinian owners and their primary export markets as England, Turkey, Egypt and Austria-Hungary. While the traditional Arabic cultivation methods were considered "primitive," an in-depth study of the financial expenditure involved reveals that they were ultimately more cost-efficient than the Zionist-European enterprises that followed them some two decades later.^[62]

First World War

In 1917, the

Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation resulted in the Ottomans expelling the entire civilian population. While Muslim evacuees were allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees remained in camps (and some in Egypt) until after the British conquest.^[63]

New Zealand

soldiers outside Jaffa municipality building, WWI (winter 1917–18)

During the course of their

campaign through Ottoman Palestine and the Sinai (1915–1918) against the Ottomans, the British took Jaffa in November 1917, although it remained under observation and fire from the Ottomans. The battle of Jaffa in late December 1917 pushed back the Ottoman forces securing Jaffa and the line of communication between it and Jerusalem, which had already been taken on 11 December

.

British Mandate

• 
  Jaffa 1929 1:20,000
• 
  Jaffa 1943 1:20,000
• 
  Jaffa 1945 1:250,000

1920s: conflict and development

According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jaffa had a population of 47,799, consisting of 20,699 Muslims, 20,152 Jews and 6,850 Christians,^[64] increasing to 51,866 in the 1931 census, residing in 11,304 houses.^[65]

During the British Mandate, tension between the Jewish and Arab population increased. A wave of Arab attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in Tel Aviv, initially a marginal Jewish neighborhood north of Jaffa. The Jaffa riots in 1921, (known in Hebrew as Meoraot Tarpa) began with a May Day parade that turned violent. Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings killing 47 Jews and wounding 146.^[66] The Hebrew author Yosef Haim Brenner was killed in the riots.^[67] At the end of 1922, Tel Aviv had 15,000 residents: by 1927, the population had risen to 38,000.

Still, during most of the 1920s Jaffa and Tel Aviv maintained peaceful co-existence. Most Jewish businesses were located in Jaffa, some Jewish neighbourhoods paid taxes to the municipality of Jaffa, many young Jews who could not afford the housing costs of Tel Aviv resided there, and the big neighbourhood of

Menashiya was by and large fully mixed. The first electric company in the British Mandate of Palestine, although owned by Jewish shareholders, had been named the Jaffa Electric Company. In 1923, both Jaffa and Tel Aviv had begun a rapid process of wired electrification through a joint grid.^[68]

1930s: Arab revolt (1936–39)

The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine severely impacted Jaffa. On 19 April 1936, riots broke out in Jaffa after rumors spread among the local Arab community that Jews had started to kill Arabs; Arab rioters attacked Jewish targets for three days before British security forces quelled the rioting. 9 Jews and 2 Arabs were killed and dozens more were wounded.^[69] In response to the riots, Arab leadership in Palestine declared a general strike, which began in the Jaffa Port and quickly spread to the rest of the region.^[70] After the start of the general strike, British troops stationed in Palestine were bolstered by reinforcements from Malta and Egypt to subdue rioting which had broken out in several major Palestinian cities. Arab rioters in Jaffa used the Old City, which contained a maze of homes, winding alleyways and an underground sewer system, to escape arrest by British security forces.^[70]

Beginning in May 1936, in response to further Arab unrest in Jaffa, the British authorities suspended municipal services in the city, establishing barricades around the Old City and covering access roads with glass shards and nails.

demolish between 220 and 240 Arab-owned homes in the Old City, leaving an open strip which cut through the center of Jaffa from end to end and displacing approximately 6,000 Arabs.^[71] On the evening of 17 June, 1,500 British troops entered Jaffa and a Royal Navy warship moved near the Jaffa Port to seal off escape routes by sea. On 29 June, British forces carried out another round of house demolitions, carving a swath from north to south.^[70]

The British authorities claimed that house demolitions in Jaffa were part of a "facelift" given to the Old City.[70] Local Arab newspapers resorted to using sarcasm to describe the demolitions, writing that the British had "beautified" Jaffa using boxes of gelignite.^[71] Sir Michael McDonnell, then serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Palestine, found in favor of Arab petitions from Jaffa and, upholding existing laws regarding house demolitions, ruled against the demolitions carried out by British forces in the Old City. In response, the Colonial Office dismissed him from his post.^[72] The report produced by the Peel Commission in 1937 recommended that Jaffa, together with Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Lydda and Ramle, remain under permanent British control, forming a "corridor" from the sea port to the Holy Places, accessible to Arabs and Jews alike; whereas the rest of Mandatory Palestine was to be split between an Arab state and a Jewish state.^[73]

1940-47: WWII; frictions

Falastin

.

In 1945, the Jewish community of Jaffa complained to the city mayor

£P 300K on services for the Jewish neighbourhoods of Jaffa,^[76] an increase from £P 80K in the year of 1942.^[77]

1948 war

Further information: 1948 Palestine war and 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

In 1947, the UN Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Jaffa be included in the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as an

enclave of the Arab state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. The enclave would have excluded the northern Jewish-populated parts of the city, but included the agricultural lands to the south and east of the city, extending to the then-boundaries of Mikveh Israel, Holon and Bat Yam.^[78] The resolution was rejected by Palestinian Arab leadership and by the Arab League.^[79][80]

Following the inter-communal violence which broke out following the passing of the UN partition resolution, the mayors of Jaffa and Tel Aviv tried to calm their communities.^[81] One of the main concerns for the people of Jaffa was the protection of the citrus fruit export trade which had still not reached its pre-Second World War highs.^[82] Eventually the bilateral orange-picking and exporting of both sides continued although without a formal agreement.^[83]

At the beginning of 1948 Jaffa's defenders consisted of one company of around 400 men organised by the Muslim Brotherhood, almost none of them Palestinian Arabs (the "Arab Brigade"), and the local Arab irregulars of the National Guard.^[84] As in Haifa, the irregulars intimidated the local population.^[83]

Lehi

bomb attack

On 4 January 1948, the

Lehi detonated a truck bomb outside the Saraya, also known as the "Grand Serai," formerly the Ottoman administrative building and now housing the Arab National Committee. The building and some nearby buildings were destroyed and twenty-six Palestinian civilians were killed. Most of the dead and many wounded were not connected to the National Committee but were passersby and staff at a food distribution programme for poor children that was also in the same building. Most of the children were not present as it was Sunday.^[85][86]

In February Jaffa's Mayor, Yousef Haikal, contacted David Ben-Gurion through a British intermediary trying to secure a peace agreement with Tel Aviv, but the commander of the Arab militia in Jaffa opposed it.^[83][87] The frontline saw a period of mostly static warfare, with sporadic sniper fire, machine gun bursts, and limited skirmishes. While the introduction of medium mortars in early March 1948 escalated the intensity of the fighting, tactics remained largely unchanged.

On 25 April 1948, the Irgun launched an offensive on Jaffa. This began with a mortar bombardment which went on for three days during which twenty tons of high explosive were fired into the town.^[88][89] On 27 April the British Government, fearing a repetition of the mass exodus from Haifa the week before, ordered the British Army to confront the Irgun and their offensive ended. Simultaneously the Haganah had launched Operation Hametz, which overran the villages east of Jaffa and cut the town off from the interior.^[90] On 29 April, the Irgun commander for the Tel-Aviv & Jaffa district, Eliyahu Tamler, was killed by a British shell.^[91]

The fall of Haifa a few days earlier, and fear of another massacre similar to Irgun's Deir Yassin massacre, caused panic across the Arabs of Jaffa, leading most of them to flee.^[92] The population of Jaffa on the eve of the attack was between 50,000 and 60,000, with some 20,000 people having already left the town.^[88] By 30 April, there were 15,000–25,000 remaining.^[90][93] In the following days a further 10,000–20,000 people fled by sea. When the Haganah took control of the town on 14 May around 4,000 people were left.^[94] The town and harbour's warehouses were extensively looted.^[95][96] The displacement of Jaffa's Arab population was part of the larger 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.

The city surrendered to the Haganah on 14 May 1948 and shortly after the British police and army left the city.^[97] The 3,800 Arabs who remained in Jaffa after the exodus were concentrated in the

Tel Aviv Municipality took over the administration; Jaffa Municipality, de-jure still in existence at the time, had not exercised any authority since 1948 until its dissolution in 1950.^[99]

State of Israel

Gradual annexation into Tel Aviv

Jaffa's Old City

The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948.^[100] The former wished to incorporate only the well-off Jewish suburbs in the north of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.^[100] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.^[100] An alternative proposal, merging Bat Yam and Holon into Jaffa to form a bigger city south of Tel Aviv, was rejected on financial grounds, as the two small Jewish settlements lacked the funds necessary to sustain Jaffa.^[99]

On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs of Maccabi (

Hatikva and Ezra, were annexed to Tel Aviv at the same time, thus introducing around 50,000 new residents into the city.^[99][100] On 18 May 1949, the new boundary was drawn along Shari' Es Salahi (now Olei Zion Street) and Shari' El Quds (now Ben-Zvi Road), thereby adding into Tel Aviv the former Arab neighbourhood of Manshiya and part of Jaffa city centre, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.^[100]

The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 16 June 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor

The land which had formerly belonged to Jaffa municipality, and was annexed into Tel Aviv, includes the neighbourhoods of Manshiya, Florentin, Giv'at Herzl, and Shapira; and such landmarks as Charles Clore Park, Hassan Bek Mosque, Carmel Market, the former Jaffa railway station, and the new Tel Aviv central bus station. On the other hand, Jaffa boundaries were expanded to the southeast, incorporating Gaon Stadium and the new neighbourhoods of Neve Ofer, Jaffa Gimel and Jaffa Dalet.^[104] Other former Arab villages incorporated into Tel Aviv–Jaffa include Al-Mas'udiyya, annexed on 20 December 1942,^[105] in the New North; Jarisha, annexed on 25 November 1943,^[106] on the southern bank of Yarkon River; Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi, annexed on 31 March 1948,^[107] and since 1957 redeveloped into Bavli neighbourhood; and Al-Shaykh Muwannis, annexed on 25 February 1949,^[100] and since 1955 redeveloped into Tel Aviv University main campus.

Streets renamed

After the Jewish takeover, all pre-existing street names in Jaffa were abolished, and replaced with numeric identifiers. By 1954, only the four main streets had proper names: Jerusalem (former

The road passing between Florentin and Neve Tzedek neighbourhoods was until 1948 named Tel Aviv Road, being the main thoroughfare between the two city centres. After the annexation of Florentin into Tel Aviv, it became an internal road in Tel Aviv, so its name no longer made sense. Thus the section lying within the new Tel Aviv boundaries was renamed into Jaffa Road; and the section which became the new Tel Aviv–Jaffa boundary, into Eilat Street.

Salama Road, a main eastwards road from Jaffa towards the depopulated village of

Arabic street names were eventually replaced with Hebrew ones, e.g. Al-Kutub Street was renamed Resh Galuta Street, Abu Ubeyda Street was renamed She’erit Yisra’el Street, and Al-Salahi Street was renamed Olei Zion Street.[111] This practice has been criticized by residents of affected Arabic neighborhoods, who deem the names inappropriate (for example, a street named after Rabbi Simcha Bunim of Peshischa was called a "local laughingstock" by Tel Aviv-Jaffa city councillor Ahmed Belha;^[112] and a street where the Al Siksik Mosque is located was renamed Beit Eshel Street, after a short-lived Jewish settlement in what is now Beersheba^[113]) and demand a return to Arabic names.

From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and Hassan Bek Mosque, and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the

Modern Jaffa has a

The Clock Square with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The Saraya (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.^{[124][failed verification]} Andromeda rock is the rock to which beautiful Andromeda was chained in Greek mythology.^[125] The Zodiac alleys are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. Jaffa Hill is a center for archaeological finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. Jaffa Lighthouse is an inactive lighthouse located in the old port.

The Jaffa Museum of Antiquities is located in an 18th-century Ottoman building constructed on the remains of a Crusader fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it into his seat of government. In the late 19th century, the governmental moved to the "New Saraya," and the building was sold to a wealthy Greek-Orthodox family who established a soap factory there. Since 1961, it has housed an archaeological museum,^[126] which is currently closed to the general public.^[127]

The Libyan Synagogue (Beit Zunana) was a synagogue built by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. It was turned into a hotel and then a soap factory, and reopened as a synagogue for Libyan Jewish immigrants after 1948. In 1995, it became a museum.

Other museums and galleries in the area include the

The

The Saint Nicholas Armenian Monastery was built in the 17th century.^[129]

Al-Bahr Mosque, lit. the Sea Mosque, overlooking the harbour, is depicted in a painting from 1675 by the Dutch painter Cornelis de Bruijn.^[130][131] It may be Jaffa's oldest existing mosque. Built originally in 1675,^[132] changes to the structure have been made since then, such as the addition of a second floor and reconstruction of the upper part of the minaret. It was used by fishermen and sailors frequenting the port, and residents of the surrounding area. According to local legend, the wives of sailors living in Jaffa prayed there for the safe return of their husbands. The mosque was renovated in 1997.^{[citation needed]}

Mahmoudia Mosque was built in 1812 by Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa from 1810 to 1820.^[133] Outside the mosque is a water fountain (sabil) for pilgrims.^[134]

Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque today.

The majority of excavations in Jaffa are salvage in nature and have been conducted by the

Collège des Frères de Jaffa is a French international school.

Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the Church of Scotland. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.^[140]

Muzot (Hebrew: מוזות) is an arts school in old Jaffa that caters to teenagers who haven't successfully integrated into traditional schools. It offers them a unique opportunity to combine artistic pursuits with academic studies leading to a matriculation certificate.^[141]

The democratic school in Jaffa established in 2004 is based on the ideas of democratic education, catering students from 1st to 12th grade.^[142]

The campus of the Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo is a public college, hosting more than 4500 Israeli and Arab students.^[143] The college's faculties include computer science, economics and management, information systems, psychology and nursing.^[144]

Administratively, Jaffa constitutes Borough 7 of the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, and is divided into four sub-boroughs and twelve neighborhoods.^[145]

Compared to Tel Aviv-Yafo as a whole, votes for Arab parties are especially prevalent in Jaffa in national elections.^[146] In the 2018 Tel Aviv-Jaffa city council election, the Yafa list, which represents the Arab population of Jaffa, received 28% of the vote in Jaffa, making it the most voted party there; the second place was taken by the Hadash-affiliated^[147] We are the City list, with 14% of the vote.^[148] Among Jewish political parties, right-wing parties such as Shas and Likud perform better in Jaffa relative to the municipality-wide results,^[148] similarly to the working-class neighborhoods in southern Tel Aviv;^[146] in particular, Shas received 12% of the vote in Jaffa in the 2018 city council elections, making it the third-most voted for party in Jaffa.^[148]

Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence.^{[citation needed]} Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the Amidar government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.^[149]

Jaffa is served by the Dan Bus Company, which operates buses to various neighborhoods of Tel Aviv and Bat Yam.

The

Of the current stations in the

• Asma Agbarieh (born 1974), Israeli Arab journalist and political activist
• Hanan Al-Agha (1948–2008), Palestinian plastic artist
• Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970), Nobel Prize-winning author
• Dahn Ben-Amotz
  (1924–1989), radio broadcaster and author
• Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1884–1963), historian, Labor Zionist leader, and President of Israel
• Benny Hinn (born 1953), TV evangelist and preacher
• Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche (1870–1934), one of the founders of Tel Aviv; businessman
• Joseph Constant (1892–1969), sculptor and writer
• George Deek (born 1984), Israeli Arab diplomat
• Ismail al-Faruqi (1921–1986), Palestinian-American philosopher
• Lea Gottlieb (1918–2012), Israeli founder and fashion designer of Gottex
• Ibtisam Mara'ana (born 1975), Arab-Israeli filmmaker and member of the Knesset
• Victor Norris Hamilton (born c. 1919), Palestinian-born American cryptologist
• J. E. Hanauer (1850–1938), author, photographer, and Canon of St George's Church
• Hilmi Hanoun (1913–2001), writer and politician
• Yizhar Harari (1908–1978), Zionist activist and Israeli politician
• Haim Hazan (1937–1994), Israeli basketball player
• Zeev Hershkowitz, former Israeli footballer
• Nadia Hilou (1953–2015), Arab-Israeli politician
• Pinhas Hozez (born 1957), Israeli basketball player
• Issa El-Issa (1878–1950), Palestinian journalist
• Daoud El-Issa (1903–1983), Palestinian journalist
• Yousef El-Issa (1870–1948), Palestinian journalist
• Raja El-Issa (1922–2008), Palestinian journalist
• Michel Loève (1907–1979), probabilist and mathematical statistician
• Haim Ramon (born 1950), Israeli politician
• Sasha Roiz (born 1973), Canadian actor
• Yoav Saffar (born 1975), Israeli basketball player
• Yosef Sapir (1902–1972), Israeli politician
• Haim Starkman (born 1944), Israeli basketball player
• Rifaat Turk (born 1954), Arab-Israeli football player and manager, and deputy mayor of Tel Aviv

• Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa
• Crusaders
  )
• History of Palestinian journalism

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Jaffa

• Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
• Burke, Aaron A. (2011). Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period. In: Peilstöcker, Martin; Burke, Aaron A., eds. (2011). The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
  ISBN 978-1931745819
  .
• OCLC 62317894
  .
• Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
• Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
• ISBN 3-920405-41-2
  .
• Lebor, Adam (2007). City of Oranges. Arabs and Jews in Jaffa. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
  ISBN 978-0-7475-8602-9
  .
• Levine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  ISBN 0-520-23994-6
  .
• OCLC 1004386
  .
• Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
• ISBN 0-521-33028-9
  .
• Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. I.
  ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0
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• Peilstöcker, Martin; Burke, Aaron A., eds. (2011). The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
  ISBN 978-1931745819
  .
• Šārôn Rôṭbard, Šārôn (2005). ʻÎr levānā, ʻîr šeḥôrā (English: White City, Black City) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Babel.
  OCLC 260080254
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• ISBN 0-8050-5896-6
  .
• Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.
• Weill-Rochant, Catherine (2008). L'atlas de Tel Aviv : 1908–2008 (in French). Paris: CNRS Éditions.
  ISBN 978-2-271-06658-9
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• Yahav, Dan (2004). Yafo, kalat ha-yam : me-ʻir roshah li-shekhunot ʻoni, degem le-i-shiṿyon merḥavi (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Tamouz.
  OCLC 59707598
  .
• Yavin, Shmuel (2006). Bauhaus in Jaffa: Modern Architecture in an Ancient City. Tel Aviv:
  ISBN 965-90606-2-9
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jaffa.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jaffa.

• Jaffa in 1880, SWP Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons Coordinates: East longitude, 34.45; North latitude, 32.3
• The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project
• Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com, archived from the original on 4 March 2016
• Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com, archived from the original on 28 March 2015
• Neff, Donald (April–May 1994). "Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 75.
• "JAFFA (Hebr. Yafo; A. V. Joppa; Greek, Joppe; Arabic, Yaffa)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
• Schaalje, Jacqueline (May 2001). "Jaffa". The Jewish Magazine.
• The Old City of Yafo (Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port), Common Ground, archived from the original on 17 July 2007
• "Jaffa". World Cities Images. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
• "Tel Aviv Virtual Tours – Clock Square Jaffa". 3Disrael.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2008. (no plugin needed)
• "Jaffa Old Harbour (photo gallery)". tel aviv 4 fun. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
• Plan of Jaffa, 1:6,000, 1918. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.

32°03′08″N 34°45′11″E / 32.05222°N 34.75306°E / 32.05222; 34.75306